WK1 Chemical Level of Organisation

Week 1 for A&P Chemical level of organisation

Matter

Anything taking up space, has mass

Chemical characteristics…

Determine physiology at molecular and cellular levels

3 types of subatomic particles

Electrons, protons, neurons

Atomic number

The number of protons

Nucleus

Contains protons and neurons

Electron cloud

Spherical area containing electrons

Electron shell

2D representation of electron cloud

Atomic number

Number of protons, determining chemical properties

Isotopes

Version of elements based on mass number

Mass number

Number of protons + electrons

Electrons in electron cloud

Determine reactivity of atoms

Max number of electrons in first shell?

2

Chemical bonds form

Molecules & compounds

Molecule

2 or more atoms joined by strong bonds

Compound

2 or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds

Not all compounds have

Molecules

Not all molecules form

Compounds

Types of chemical bonds

Ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Attractions between cations + anions

What is a cation?

The electron donor losing 1 or more electrons

What is an anion?

A donor accepter gaining an electron

Covalent bonds are

Strong bonds involving shared electrons

Non-polar covalent bond

Atoms sharing equal electrons, having the same strength in pull

Polar covalent bond

Atoms sharing equal electrons, one has a stronger pull

Hydrogen bonds are

Weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical attractions

What is metabolism?

All reactions occurring at one time

What are the types of chemical reactions?

Decomposition, synthesis, exchange, reversible

Enzymes are protein catalysts that

Lower the activation energy of reactions

Exergonic reactions…

Release energy

Endergonic reactions…

Absorb energy

Nutrients are

Essential molecules from food

Metabolites are

Molecules made or broken down in the body

What are some types of inorganic compounds?

Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, inorganic acids, bases, salts

What are some types of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

What is NaCl?

Sodium chloride (Na+ and Cl-)

What is NaHCO3?

Sodium bicarbonate (Na+ and HCO3-)

What does antacid contain?

Sodium bicarbonate to neutralise hydrochloric acid in the stomach

What do organic molecules contain?

Hydrogen, carbon and usually oxygen

What do carbohydrates contain?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

What do lipids contain?

Hydrophobic molecules: fats, oils, waxes - mostly made of carbon + hydrogen atoms

What are some steroids?

Cholesterol, sex hormones, steroid hormones (corticosteroids, calcitriol) and steroid derivatives (bile salts)

Phospholipids and glycolipids contain

A diglyceride attached to either a phosphate, or sugar

What are the 7 major protein functions?

Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination/control, defense

What are macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Where can glycoproteins be found?

In enzymes, antibodies, hormones, components of plasma membranes

What does proteoglycans increase?

Viscosity in fluids

What are nucleic acids?

Large organic molecules found in nucleus

What does nucleic acid do?

Store and process information

What does DNA do?

Direct protein synthesis, control enzyme production, controls metabolism

What does RNA do?

Controls immediate steps in protein synthesis

What is phosphorylation?

Process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule, producing a high-energy bond

What is adenosine monophosphate (AMP)?

Nucleotides that contain one phosphate group

What is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

Nucleotide that contains two phosphate groups

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

High-energy compound containing 3 phosphate groups

What is adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)?

Enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ATP to ADP