AP Biology Course Study Guide

These flashcards cover essential concepts in AP Biology, focusing on proteins, nucleic acids, cellular structures, processes like respiration and photosynthesis, and fundamental biological principles.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids.

What type of bond forms between amino acids?

Peptide bond.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What process connects nucleotides to form nucleic acids?

Dehydration synthesis.

What is the function of ribosomes?

They synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequences.

What organelle is involved in ATP production?

Mitochondria.

What is the main function of lysosomes?

To break down foreign particles and worn-out organelles.

What is the process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water called?

Hydrolysis.

What type of solutions causes cells to swell?

Hypotonic solutions.

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

They speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

What is the main product of glycolysis?

2 ATP and 2 pyruvate.

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Oxygen.

What process converts glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen?

Cellular respiration.

What mechanism allows cells to communicate over long distances using hormones?

Endocrine signaling.

What does the term 'quorum sensing' refer to?

Microbes communicating to regulate pathways based on population density.

What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?

They bind to CDKs to regulate the cell cycle progression.

What does crossing over refer to in meiosis?

The exchange of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes.

What are the key steps in DNA replication?

Unwinding the DNA, synthesizing new strands, replacing RNA primers, and ligating fragments.

What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

The nucleotide sequence of the corresponding mRNA.

What is the structure of DNA?

A double helix consisting of nucleotide monomers.

How does gene regulation occur in prokaryotes?

Through operons that can be turned on or off.

What evidence supports the common ancestry of living organisms?

Nearly all living organisms share the same genetic code.

What is the significance of the 'G0' phase in the cell cycle?

Cells exit the cycle and may not divide frequently.

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; haploid cells have one set.

What is histone acetylation?

A modification that makes DNA more accessible for transcription.

What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

It synthesizes ATP using the energy from proton gradients.