Economic Change in the UK

Primary Industry

Extraction of raw materials or natural resources

Secondary Industry

Manufacturing and making of goods, converting raw materials into finished

Tertiary Industry

Providing services

Quaternary Industry

Providing industry services

Which sector did most people in the UK work in, in 1800?

Primary

What happened in the late 19th century, how did it change employment structure?

The industrial revolution - more people working in secondary and tertiary industry

What happened in the 20th century to the primary sector. Why?

Decreased as there was a rise in secondary and tertiary industry

What happened during the 20th century to the primary sector. Why?

Declined due to it being cheaper to import goods

Since the 1980s more people are working in the quaternary sector - what does this involve?

Providing information, reasearch and development, media, finance, education

Deindustrialisation

Decline of traditional industries starting with the closure of primary industry

Why did deindustrialisation happen in the UK?

The cost of raw materials became cheaper to import, machines and tech replace the need for workers, other countries produce cheaper goods due to cheaper labour

What impact has deindustrialisation had on the UK?

Jobs lost, cheaper materials

Globalisation

The process of creating a more connected world

Why has globalisation happened in the UK?

More businesses in the UK are owned by foreign companies

What impacts has globalisation had on the UK?

Economic growth, foreign investment and cheaper goods and services

What is a post industrial economy?

The manufacturing industry has declined and has been replaced by service jobs

How does the development of information technology play a part in a post industrial economy?

Computers store information, monile devices mean info can be accessed anywhere, internet allows working at home

How do service industries and finance play a part in a post industrial economy?

Provide 79% of UKs GDP, UK is the worlds leading centre for financial services, finance = 10% of GDP

How does research and development play a part in a post industrial economy?

Employs 60,000, £3 billion to economy, likely to become UKs major growth area (consists of NHS, universities, BAS)

How do science and business parks play a part in a post industrial economy?

Science parks are located on the edge of uni cities, good transport, attractive working environment

How many cars do the UK car industry manufacture per year?

1.5 million

What has the past UK car industry been like?

Unsustainable

What are the environmental impacts of the UK car industry?

Contribute to air pollution, acid from batteries can be leaked into environment when scrapped

How many people does the Nissan car plant in Sunderland employ?

7,000

How many cars does the Nissan car plant in Sunderland produce per year?

500,000

How is the Nissan car plant in Sunderland try to increase the sustainability?

7% of its energy comes from wind turbines, develop electric cars (Nissan Leaf), materials used to make cars are more readily recyclable

Counter urbanisation

People leaving cities to live in the countryside for better QoL

State a reason for counter urbanisation?

Housing may be cheaper in rural areas

What is the greenbelt?

A green open space in which building and development is not allowed

Why is the greenbelt important?

Protects rural areas from population growth

Name a rural area that is experiencing increasing population growth?

South Cambridge

By how much is the population of south Cambridge supposed to grow?

25,000 more by 2026

What is a negative social impact of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

Housing is becoming unaffordable for locals

What is a positive social impact of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

Services such as pubs thrive in the evenings

What is a negative economic impact of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

High demand in some areas increases fuel and shop prices

Name a rural area of the UK which is experiencing population decline?

The Outer Hebrides off the coast of NW Scotland

By how much has the population of the outer Hebrides declined since 1901?

50%

What negative social effect has the population decline in the Outer Hebrides had?

There is an increasing aging population, this puts stress on social care services

What negative economic effect has the population decline in the Outer Hebrides had?

Traditional prawn/lobster fishing industry has declined

Why does the UKs transport infrastructure need improving?

Due to economic grwth, greater air and port capacity is required

How are roads being improved in the UK?

Major strategic upgrades, improving capacity, safety and freight movement

How is rail being improved in the UK?

Major investment to enhance national rail connectivity and capacity

Why might someone support the building of the HS2 railway?

Creates jobs, £40 billion for the economy, reduces flights and carbon emissions

Why might someone not support the building of the HS2 railway?

Costs £80 billion, existing routes could be improved instead, more jobs in London rather than areas that are lacking in jobs

How are ports in the UK being improved?

Expansion of container capacity, automation and deep-water handling

How are airports in the UK being improved?

Modernisation and expansion of airport capacity and access

An example of road improvements in the UK?

A14 at Cambridge and Huntingdon - new bypass, widened lanes

An example of rail improvements in the UK?

HS2 Phase 1 - London to Birmingham - high speed line, increased capacity

An example of port improvements in the UK?

Liverpool2 - doubled capacity in the terminal

An example of airport improvements in the UK?

Heathrow - third new runway

What is the north-south divide?

The cultural and economic disparities between the north and south of England

State a social feature of the north/south divide

Incomes, life expectancy and SoL are higher in the south

State an economic feature of the north-south divide

House prices are higher in the south

What is an employment black spot?

An area with high unemployment rates

Name an area in the UK with low employment rates

Liverpool

Comparitively, what is the government spending per person in London, the East Midlands and Yorkshire?

London - £9176
East Midlands - £6983
Yorkshire - £7623

What has caused the North-South divide?

During the Ind. Rev. the UKs growth was centered in the north. Deindustrialisation in the 70s saw the decline of the industry. After that, the south saw rapid development and and economic boost

How are improvements in transport infrastructure aiming to reduce the north-south divide?

HS2 is designed to link cities in the north with the economic strength of London, creating more jobs and intergrating the north into the economy

How are assisted area status’ aiming to reduce the north-south divide?

Identifying areas that need financial assistance and helping to support new businesses in the area to stimulate economic growth

How are government incentives aiming to reduce the north-south divide?

Using incentives (eg superfast broadband and discounted rates) to encourage businesses to set up in deprived areas

How are local enterprise partnerships aiming to reduce the north-south divide?

Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses, encouraging investment and boosting local economy e.g. Lancashire LEP aims to create 50,000 new jobs

What is the commonwealth?

A group of nations who were mostly part of the British Empire who promote peace and democracy

What areas are part of the commonwealth?

Canada, Southern Africa, India and Australia

How has the commonwealth shaped the UK?

Maintains cultural, migration and trade links. Has shaped the UKs trade links

What is the EU?

An economic and political union of 27 countries who promote peace, stability and economic prosperity

How has the EU benefited the UK?

Goods, services, capital and labour move freely, financial support, workers for low wages and support for poor regions

How has the UKs connection with the EU changed?

In 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU. There is no longer the freedom to live and work between the UK and the EU. UK now has to get its own trade policy

How has the commonwealth impacted the UKs population?

Many migrants from India, Bangladesh, Nigeria and the Caribbean have moved to the UK. Diversifying the population

Who are the UKs major trade partners?

USA, Germany, Netherlands, China, India

What does the UK export?

Finance, cars and pharmaceuticals

What does the UK import?

Food, raw materials and manufactured products

How is the UK connected to the wider world?

Via ports, airports, shipping routes and the Channel tunnel - enables trade and tourism

How does the internet allow the UK to remain connected to the rest of the world?

Fibre-optic cables, satellites and tech hubs allow the UK to communicate quickly and trade online