AP PSYCH for EBQ AND AAQ

Research methods (Experimental) for AAQ

Experiment: A scientific procedure to test hypotheses, involving manipulation of variables to observe effects on behavior or mental processes.

Research methods (Non-experimental) for AAQ: Coorelation Research

A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. It identifies patterns and predicts outcomes but cannot determine causation.

Research methods (Non-experimental) for AAQ: Case Study

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event to explore complex phenomena, often using multiple data sources.

Research methods (Non-experimental) for AAQ: Naturalistic Observation

Where behavior is observed in its natural environment without interference or manipulation by the researcher

Research methods (Non-experimental) for AAQ: Meta-analysis

Combines the results of multiple independent studies addressing the same research question. This method enhances the power and credibility of research findings by synthesizing data from various sources

Mean (AAQ)

Average, is a central tendency measure that is calculated by summing all values in a dataset and then dividing by the total number of values.

Median (AAQ)

The median is a measure of central tendency that represents the middle value in a dataset when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order.

Mode (AAQ)

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

Range (AAQ)

Difference between highest and lowest value

Standard Deviation (AAQ)

Measure of how spread out numbers are in a dataset, indicating how far, on average, each data point is from the mean (average)

Percentile Rank (AAQ)

Measures your performance compared to a specific group (the "norm group"), indicating the percentage of scores that fall at or below your score. A 75th percentile rank means you scored as well as, or better than, 75% of people in that group.

Skweness (AAQ)

Measures how asymmetrical a dataset is compared to a perfect bell curve. It shows if data is tilted toward lower or higher values rather than being perfectly balanced. A positive skew means a long right tail (few high values), while negative means a long left tail (few low values).

Coorelation Coefficients (AAQ)

measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to +1.0. It indicates how well one variable predicts another. A value closer to +1 or -1 means a stronger relationship, while a value near 0 means no relationship

Effect Size

Measures the magnitude or strength of a relationship between variables, indicating the practical significance of research results

Statistical Signifiance

Determines if research results are likely "real" rather than caused by random chance. It indicates that the independent variable likely caused the change in the dependent variable, usually defined by a p-value \(\le \) 0.05 (less than 5% probability the result is due to chance)

Informed (AAQ)

Researchers to fully inform participants about a study's purpose, risks, and procedures before they agree to take part.

Debriefing (AAQ)

Mandatory ethical process conducted after an experiment, where researchers fully explain the study's true purpose, methods, and any deception used to participants

Confidentially (AAQ)

An ethical guideline requiring researchers and therapists to keep participant or client data private, ensuring personal information is not shared with the public

Right to Withdraw (AAQ)

ensures participants can stop being part of a study at any time, for any reason, without penalty

Do No Harm (AAQ)

fundamental ethical guideline requiring researchers to protect participants from physical, mental, or emotional harm during studies

Protection from Harm (AAQ)

Participants in studies (or clients in therapy) are not subjected to lasting physical, emotional, or psychological distress

Institutional Review Board Approach (AAQ)

Reviews psychological research to protect human participants from harm. It ensures studies meet ethical standards—such as informed consent, confidentiality, and justification of risk—before the study begins. IRB approval is mandatory for all human-subject research.

Deception only when necessary (AAQ)

Deliberately misleading participants about a study's true purpose or procedures, permitted only when necessary to obtain valid results. It must not cause significant harm or emotional distress and requires approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), followed by mandatory debriefing