A&P Final Exam Review 3

What are the 5 layers of epidermis?

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

What types of cells are found in the 5 layers of epidermis?

Corneum: dead keratinized cells

Lucidum: cells filled with protein called eleidin/keratinocytes

Granulosum: keratinocytes

Spinosum: Epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)

Basale: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells (merkel cells)

What is keratinization?

when cells fill up with keratin

What are the differences between thick and thin skin?

Thick: palms of hands and soles of feet; contains all 5 layers of epidermis

Thin: lacks stratum lucidum; covers most of body

What are the functions of skin?

-Protection from external environment

-Prevention of water loss

-Secretion

-Absorption

-Temp regulation

-Sensory

Exocrine glands of the skin

sweat glands and sebaceous glands. two types of sweat glands:

1.Merocrine

2.Apocrine

both contain sweat gland duct

What are Ceruminous glands?

-Modified apocrine sweat glands located only in external ear canal.

-Secrete waterproof earwax, cerumen

What are Mammary glands?

-Modified apocrine sweat glands of breast that only function in pregnant lactating females.

-Produce breast milk

What are 4 different types of bones by shape? (with examples)

1.Long bones; greater in length than width. ex: femur, humerus

2.Short bones; lengthy nearly equal to width. ex: carpals and tarsals

3.Flat bones; flat, thin surfaces. ex: cranial bones

4.Irregular bones; elaborate, sometimes complex shapes. ex: vertebrae

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Red: hematopoietic (blood cell forming)

Yellow: mainly composed of fat cells (adipocytes)

What are 4 types of cells in bone? How are they formed?

1.Osteoprogenitor; derived from mesenchyme

2.Osteoblasts; form from osteoprogenitor stem cells

3.Osteocytes; derived from osteoblasts

4.Osteoclasts; derived from fused bone marrow cells like monocytes

What is the study of joints called?

Arthrology

Structural and functional classification of joints with examples

Structural: -Fibrous, -Cartilaginous, -Synovial

Functional: -Synarthroses, -Amphiarthroses, -Diarthroses

What are the features of Synovial joint?

-Articular capsule and joint cavity

-Synovial fluid

-Articular cartilage

-Ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

What is the anatomy of Synovial joint?

1.Articular capsule: helps produce synovial fluid; composed of areolar CT.

2.Synovial fluid: lubricates, nourishes chondrocytes, acts as shock absorber.

3.Articular cartilage: lacks a perichondrium. avascular.

4.Ligaments: connect one bone to another

What are uniaxial joints? (with examples)

Bone moves in just one plane or axis.

ex; plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint (elbow)

What are biaxial joints? (with examples)

Bone moves in two planes or axes.

ex; condylar joint, saddle joint (fingers and knees)

What are multiaxial joints? (with examples)

Bone moves in multiple planes or axes.

ex; ball-and-socket joint (hip joint, shoulder joint)