Inheritance (copy)

Hybridization

blending different raits to produce new offsring like apple tree.

Individual triats

makes you different from others eg; eye, colour, hait colour, taco tongue.

Complementary interaction

2 gene pairs produce a trait that neigher could produce by themselves.

Pollen

is transferred from 1 plant to another; offspring may look different from parent.

Epistasis

interaction between 2 genes that modify the phenotypic expression of the other.

Heredity

the passing of traits from parents to offspring.

probability

Help determine the ________ of an offspring having a certian genotype or phenotype.

Carrier

hybrid, contian usually a disease that is recessive for you ex; fruit fly eye colour.

Incomlete Dominance

hybrid phenotype is a mix of the pure breeding phenotypes.

environmental effects

Traits can be altered /changed due to ________ like himilayan hair colour.

Phenotype

the physical presentation /expression of a gene.

Codominance

both alleles are expressed in an individual.

Selective breeding

crossing desired traits to produce an offspring with certain characteristics.

Alleles

are different forms of a gene that have different effects on a trait eg; T an t are both alleles fot height will not affect colour.

Multiple Alleles

more than 2 alleles exist for a trait.

True Breeding Strain

Breed together and ALWAYS get the same thing you started with.

female part of plants

Stamen (male reproductive organ in plants) produces pollen→ transferred to the pistil (________) where egg is produced→ fertilization occurs, producing the seed.

Lethal alleles

gene /allele that leads to the death of an individual, can be dominant or recessive like huntingtons disease (dom)

Pleiotropic genes

1 gene that appects many characteristics like marfan syndrome.

Mutation

change in the genetic code.

Chromosomal mutation →

________ caused by nondisjunction, crossing over, or less of some /all of a chromosome.

Genetics

the study of inheritance (genes, DNA, chromosomes)

Genes

units that code fro traits

Heredity

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Allele

"option" for a gene

species traits

all members of the species have certian genes eg; the ability to walk requiresthe correct traits

individual triats

makes you different from others eg; eye, colour, hait colour, taco tongue

Homozygote

GG/gg

Heterozygote

Gg

Genotype

the actual genes in an organism eg; TT, Tt, tt

Phenotype

the physical presentation/expression of a gene

-single trait gene crosses

1 pair of contrasting traits

Genotypes

all Rr (ratio) or 100% Rr

Phenotypes

all Round or 100% round

F1 cross

Heterozygous round (Rr) x Hybrid (Rr)

*if ratio is 1

1 we know the individual is heterozygous/hybrid

Incomlete Dominance

hybrid phenotype is a mix (shows as inbetween) of the pure breeding phenotypes

True Breeding Strain

Breed together and ALWAYS get the same thing you started with

Codominance

both alleles are expressed in an individual

Multiple Alleles

more than 2 alleles exist for a trait

ex

human blood type

Carrier

hybrid, contian usually a disease that is recessive for you ex; fruit fly eye colour

selective breeding

crossing desired traits to produce an offspring with certain characteristics

Hybridization

blending different raits to produce new offsring like apple tree

probability

study of outcomes

-making gametes

foiling

Gametes

Ry, and rY

Genotypes

all RrYy

Phenotypes

all round + yellow seeds

Epistasis

interaction between 2 genes that modify the phenotypic expression of the other

eg; albanism in humans

a single gene that masks all other genes related to skin, eye, hair colour

Complementary interaction

2 gene pairs produce a trait that neigher could produce by themselves

f1 gen

RrPp

pleiotropic genes

1 gene that appects many characteristics like marfan syndrome

Lethal alleles

gene/allele that leads to the death of an individual, can be dominant or recessive like huntingtons disease(dom)

Symptoms

involuntary movements, decline in thinking/rational reasoning, mood changes

Mutation

change in the genetic code

Causes

Chemicals, Radiation, Temperatire, Replication errors

a. somatic

affects body cells

b. germline

affect reproductive cells

causes

chemicals, radiation, temperatire, replication errors

Conclusion

hair grown on warm body is white colour, extremity is black

Gene action

when genes interact with environment

-genetically these are siblings

genes are still very different

-genetcally identical

genes are the same