Biology and Chemistry: Cell Processes, Atomic Structure, and pH Concepts

Mitosis outcome

Creates two identical diploid body cells for growth and repair.

Meiosis outcome

Creates four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells).

Carbohydrates function

Primary source of quick energy for cells, such as glucose and glycogen.

Lipids function

Used for long-term energy storage and forming the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer.

Proteins building blocks

Formed by amino acids, which serve as enzymes and structural components.

Nucleic acids function

Store and transmit genetic information, consisting of DNA and RNA.

Mitochondria function

The powerhouse of the cell responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production.

Ribosome function

The site of protein synthesis within the cell.

Lysosome function

Cellular organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste.

Atomic number definition

Equal to the exact number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic mass calculation

Calculated by adding the total number of protons and neutrons together.

Valence electrons indicator

Determined by looking at the Group number (column) on the periodic table.

Sublimation phase change

The transition of a substance directly from a solid state to a gas state.

Deposition phase change

The transition of a substance directly from a gas state to a solid state.

Acidic pH range

Ranges from 0 to 6.9, indicating a high concentration of hydrogen ions.

Basic alkaline pH range

Ranges from 7.1 to 14, indicating a high concentration of hydroxide ions.

Independent variable

The factor that the scientist intentionally changes or manipulates in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The factor that is measured or observed to gather data and results.

Control variables

Factors that must be kept completely identical across all testing groups to ensure accuracy.