Chapter 13 - Homework

The reflex centers in the spinal cord are responsible for relaying what type of neural messages?

motor output over spinal nerves

Tom is a football player who gets hit hard from behind along his spine. About a week later, he is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis, an infection of the CSF carried through the bloodstream. Given that the infection was associated with blood, which hypothesis is most likely to have occurred?

The pia mater tore away from the spinal cord, damaging the associated blood vessels, which leaked into the subarachnoid space.

Arrange the spinal meninges from superficial to deep layer.

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

These structures support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement.

denticulate ligaments

The spinal cord is anchored to the sacrum and coccyx via a strand of fibrous tissue called the

filum terminale.

Spinal nerves are

both sensory and motor.

If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,

sensory input would be blocked.

A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a

spinal nerve

An epidural block will

provide mainly sensory anesthesia.

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

pia mater.

The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the

coccygeal ligament.

The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed

quadriplegia.

During a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.

lumbar puncture

The six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called __________.

horns

The __________ gray horns contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei.

posterior

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as

tracts

Myelinated axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the

anterior white commissure.

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

white columns.

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures.

The connective tissue layer that covers Schwann cells is the __________.

endoneurium

The axillary, radial, and ulnar nerves branch from which plexus? (Figure 13-9)

brachial

Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the

sympathetic nerve.

Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the

anterior rami.

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed

peripheral neuropathy.

Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves in the brachial plexus are termed

trunks.

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called

sympathetic nerves.

In the condition ________, a virus infects spinal ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatome

shingles

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.

Neural circuits occur in all of these patterns EXCEPT __________.

multipolar

While building a doghouse, Tom misses the nail and hits his thumb with the hammer instead. The pain sensation is immediate and intense. Which of the following is the pattern of neuronal pool interaction most likely to process that sensation?

serial processing

A reflex that leads to secretion of saliva is a(n) __________ reflex.

visceral

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they

do not utilize interneurons.

The neural pathway of a single reflex is called a

reflex arc.

The most complicated spinal reflexes are called

intersegmental reflex arcs.

The polysynaptic reflex that limits muscle tension is the __________ reflex.

tendon