comp sci

Creative Commons (CC) license

a public copyright license that allows creators to share their work with the public under specific, pre-set conditions. It provides a middle ground between "all rights reserved"

Citizen science

Scientific research conducted with participation from the general public.

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service — overwhelming a server with requests to make it unavailable.

Latency

The delay between sending and receiving data.

API

Application Programming Interface — a set of procedures available for a programmer to use.

Packet switching

Breaking data into packets that can take different routes to the destination.

Undecidable problem

A problem for which no algorithm can always produce a correct yes/no answer.

Reasonable / Unreasonable time

Polynomial time = reasonable; exponential time = unreasonable for large inputs

Library

A collection of pre-written procedures and functions a programmer can call.

Modularity

Breaking a program into smaller, independent, reusable parts.

recursion

A function that calls itself to solve a smaller version of a problem.

Lossless vs lossy

reduces file size while preserving 100% of the original data, allowing perfect reconstruction, whereas lossy compression achieves much smaller files by permanently discarding less noticeable data

lossy: reduces file size but loses some data

heuristic

a "good-enough" problem-solving approach or algorithm used when finding an exact, optimal solution is impractical or takes too long (unreasonable time)

Linear efficiency: 

number of items (\(n\)) in a data set increases, the number of steps to process it increases proportionally. It is considered "reasonable time" 

Redundancy

inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail

Internet

open protocol>can connect many devices

 network of computing devices

network of valbes transmitters etc

World Wide Web 

 system of linked pages, programs, and files.

• HTTP is a protocol used by the World Wide Web, it defines how to use

links to navigate between pages. (transmits data)

collection of info

Protocol for transferring web pages; HTTPS adds encryption.

logic error

making amistake in the program like counting the average wrong

syntax error

not following rules: forget semi colon in python

run time error

occurs during execvution such as dividing by 0

overflow error

outside range of v alues

roundoff

decimals are rounded

hardware vs software

-components of device vs intructions for program

program documentation

descripotuon of function of code segement(program)

8 bits/bits

1 byte

-bits are the individual numbers in binary

bits represent abstractions (simplyfying complexity) which includes numbres colors or characters

binary sequences

represent digial data including colors, boolean and lists

analog vs digital signals

a:continuons values (volume pitch) digi are analogs broken up (approcimates digital data with sameples>smaller sampel rate is more accurate)

data compression

reducing bumber of bits (doesnt mean less info)

cleaning data

process that makes data uniform without changing its meaning ie chainging abbreviations w the same word

geolocation

finds ip address and info like time zone or zip code

meta data

data that describes data if the pic is data then meta data is the time it was taken (chainging metadata doesnt affect the data)

abstraction

represent essentail features without including background info it reduces complexity

-includes by block and list

mod

gives remainders

relational vs logical operators

r: greater equal

l:and or not

linear search vs binary

goes through list one by one: doesnt need to be sorted

cuts at the middle and needs to be sorted

flow charts

represents algorithm visually: shapes with instructions

traversing a list

accessing elements of lists one by one

procedure + parameter

code that invokes part of program (my block) a

variable thats inputed into procedure

PII

personal identifiable info

concat

join

rogue access pt

wireless accessss pt that gives unauthorized access to secure networks

symmetric vs asymetric or public encryption

s: same key for encrypt and decryp

one private key for decrypt and pone public one for everyone

crowdsourcing

obtaining info from many ppl via internet

selection, iteration sequencing

(if/else), repeat, code being on after another

speed up

seq time/paralle time

parallel vs sequential computing vs distributed

seq: preformed in order 1 at a time, one central privacy unit

para breaks up tasks into sequential pieces, many cpus, used for simulations

d: multiple devices to complete takss while parllel uses one with many processors

udp

user design protocl

allows apps to send messages without checking for missing pachets to save time (not as reliable and doesnt send out missing packets of data

dns

domain name

tcp

transmission control protocol

defines how computers sends opackets of data (rulkes abt how to divide data into packets and can resend lost packets

ip

internet protocol, addressing and routing requests

can change

routing

process of finding a path from sener to receiver

fault tolerance allows for rerouting

bandwidth

max amt of data sent in an amt of time

-larger circles is more bandwidth