26-27 ACADEC Art cards pages 16-20

The earlier churches of the medieval period used what as the basis of their design?

Roman arches.

Medieval churches had what style?

Romanesque.

What is a famous example of a Romanesque church?

Saint-Sernin in Toulouse, France.

What is a barrel vault?

A tunnel of arches usually used in Romanesque churches.

What is a vault?

An arch-shaped structure that is used as a ceiling or as a support to a roof.

When did the gothic style develop?

The first half of the twelfth century.

The gothic style was largely applied to what?

The construction of churches.

What is one characteristic of gothic style?

Pointed arches.

Ribbed vaults are a part of what style?

Gothic style.

What are ribbed vaults?

A framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling.

What are flying buttresses?

Additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of a gothic building.

What is the purpose of flying buttresses?

To counteract the pressure created by the arches of the barrel vault.

The introduction of flying buttresses allowed for what?

Larger stained glass windows and higher ceilings.

What is a classic example of a Gothic cathedral?

Chartres Cathedral in France.

Styles from the Renaissance are typically a mix of what two styles?

Gothic and Renaissance.

What is the name of the artist who is often mentioned in connection with the Renaissance?

Giotto di Bondone. (1267-1336/7)

What is Giotto di Bondone best known for?

His frescoes.

What is a key advance visible in Giotto’s works?

Simple perspective.

How was Giotto’s simple perspective achieved?

By overlapping and modeling his figures into the round.

Why are Giotto’s works different from many gothic works?

He gave his figures powerful gestures and emotional expressions.

During what time period was paper money first developed?

The Renaissance.

Who is a specific family that accumulated vast fortunes in the Renaissance?

Medici.

Who were major patrons of art during the Renaissance era?

Wealthy families.

Until the Renaissance, painters and sculptors were considered what?

Artisans.

Why were artisans of low status before the Renaissance?

They worked with her hands.

Great artists came to be recognized as what during the Renaissance?

Intellectual figures.

What was the the important Renaissance competition held in the city of Florence for?

The design of the doors of the city’s new baptistery.

Who won the Florence competition for the baptistery?

Lorenzo Ghiberti.

What did Ghiberti’s winning door design depict?

The sacrifice of Isaac.

How long did it take Lorenzo Ghiberti to create his second set of cathedral doors?

25 years.

What did Michelangelo call Ghiberti’s second set of cathedral doors in Florence?

The Gates of Paradise.

Who was the second place winner in the Florence competition for the city’s new baptistery?

Filipino Brunelleschi.

What did Brunelleschi win after placing second in the Florence door competition?

A competition to complete the dome of the cathedral.

How did Brunelleschi achieve completing the dome of the cathedral?

By using a double-shelled dome design.

What is Brunelleschi credited with developing?

Linear perspective.

What Renaissance painter is given credit for putting Brunelleschi’s theory into practice in his aerial perspective frescoes?

Masaccio.

Which Renaissance artist is one of the most remarkable and considered the founder of modern sculpture?

Donatello.

What is the David made out of?

Bronze.

What is Donatello’s best-known work?

David.

Toward the end of his life, Donatello’s sculptures had an emphasis on what?

Naturalism and character expression and dramatic action.

What is Botticelli’s best-known work?

The Birth of Venus.

Why is the Birth of Venus significant?

It was one of the first paintings of a full-length nude female since antiquity.

Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michaelangelo are often referred to as what?

High Renaissance artists.

Da Vinci is known as an inventor, but is also recognized as what?

An architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician.

Who designed locks along canals that control movements?

Da Vinci.

What are Da Vinci’s most famous paintings?

The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

What is Leonardo da Vinci’s key innovation in painting that’s used in the Mona Lisa?

Sfumato.

What does Sfumato come from?

The Italian word fumo.

What does the Italian word fumo mean?

Smoke.

What is sfumato?

The use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline, allowing for subtle blends between forms.

Michelangelo made his version of David out of what?

A cracked piece of marble from a city statue competition.

In 1505, Pope Julius II commissioned who to design his tomb?

Michelangelo.

Michelangelo made what statues the Pope’s tomb?

Moses, The dying slave, and the bound slave.

What is one of the greatest disappointments in Michelangelo’s career?

The uncertain cancellation of the Pope’s tomb.

What is the second commission that Pope Julius II gave to Michelangelo?

Painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

How long did it take Michelangelo to cover the Sistine chapel?

4 years.

When is the time period that Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel?

1508-1512.

What topic creates controversy in the art world?

Restoration of artworks.

Who is one of the most influential painters of the High Renaissance?

Raphael Sanzio.

Who was Raphael’s older rival?

Michelangelo.

How was Raphael different from Michelangelo?

He employed assistants to help him create the Pope’s frescoes in his chambers.

What is a notable fresco for the Pope by Raphael?

The School of Athens.

Raphael is considered to be the most influential painters of the _______.

Madonna.

What is Raphael’s masterwork?

Sistine Madonna.

Who is credited with making innovations in landscapes for painting scenes from the bible?

Giorgione.

What painting by Giorgione made innovations in landscape art?

The Tempest.

How was The Tempest different than other landscape paintings?

Instead of painting the subject matter first and the background second, the landscape was the subject and the figures were of lesser importance.

Who was one of the most prolific of the Venetian painters?

Titian Vecelli.

What is Titian Vecelli best known for?

The portraits of his patrons.

Who is recognized as the greatest colorist of the Renaissance?

Titian Vecelli.

What did Vecelli do in his art that was unlike the customs of the time?

Used columns or curtains as the backdrops for portraits instead of neutral backgrounds.

Which great Venetian painter is often linked with Mannerism?

Tintoretto.

What are Mannerist works characterized by?

The distortion of elements such as perspective or scale, and the use of acidic colors and twisted positioning.

What did Tintoretto do that was different from common Mannerist techniques?

Have different color schemes and present figures from dramatic angles.

What did Tintoretto use to heighten the emotional impact of his subjects?

Chiaroscuro.

What is chiaroscuro?

Dramatic contrasts of light and dark.

What era is anticipated by Tintoretto’s use of sharp perspective and chiaroscuro?

The Baroque era.