AP gov forever

doki doki

supremacy clause

the constitution is the supreme law of the land, and the federal law will always trump state law as long as it seeks to fulfill constitutional values

concurrent powers

• power to tax

• power to establish court systems

• power to charter banks

• power to define crimes

• power to create roads based on their… span or whatever

ENUMERATED POWERS VS RESERVED POWERS

enumerated = federal

reserved = state/people

powers denied to the federal gov

• favor of one state over another

• taxes on exports

powers denied to states

• coin money

• make teaties

powers denied to EVERYONE

post ex facto laws: making someone liable for a crime not illegal when the person committed it

pass laws that violate the constitution

full faith and credit clause

article 4

all states must grant full faith and credit to contracts and judicial rulings made in other states

privileges and immunities clause

article 4

can’t be racist to people from other states

dual federalism

layer cake no mixing between layers separate but equally powerful

Commerce clause

Article 1 section 8

Federal government can only regulat interstate commerce, not intrasate

Cooperative federalism

marble cake we mix state local and federal powers

Grew with the new deal and represents the enhancement/growth of the federal government to supersede state powers

Like social security and medicare because the states have to give money so they can get grants matched

Fiscal federalism

Federal government shares revenue with state government through the use of grants, which states often have to match

categorical grants

Specific grants with guidelines/rules attached

Can also be used to threaten states to do stuff like if u don’t do this ur facking fried we’re pulling ur funding

Mandates

Federal directives that states must follow… can sometmes cost a lot of cash but funds are occasionallu rewarded for comliance

If there is no associated reward funds guess what it is… unfunded….

American with disabilities act

Public/federal buildings must be made wheelchair accessible, but u don’t get federal cash to make renovations

block grant

federal revenue sharing with less restrictive guidelines… More state/local control and discretion

libertarian

Right ing on economic/fiscal issues and taxes and spending and regulations

Left wing on private behavior/life. Government inervention in private life is wrong and we need to abolish property taxes and demilitarize the police

Populist

Blue in government spending like we want welfare and support for the poor. Generally working class/rural from the south and midwest

However, they tend to be conservative on social issues

Progressives

Left of liberal but not communist. INterested in government reform and feels that dem party doesn’t do enough to address working-class concerns

Biggest influence of political socialization

Family.

Linkage institutons

Institutions taht connect regular people to policymaking government entities. Any way that regular cit can make their needs and gereal pilitical ipinions clear to government

Exampkes: Imnterest grous, political parties, lobyists, campaigbs, internet, social media, POLLS

Not actually a paart of govenment

focus grou

Small size where they meet and discuss candidates. Allows for followup questionq

tracking polllls

Periodically repeated with same people to moniotr trends

Push polls

Propaganda olls that want u to skew towards one answer

Ideal margin of error

4%or lesss

Valence issues

POlicies people generally agree on regardless of political ideology

pluralism

interest Groups and nongovernmental organizationss reign…

core American political values

individualism

equality of opportunity
free enterprise

rule of law (everyone is equal under law)

limited government + civilrightsliberties

monetary policy

governmental decisions about how to influence economy thru money supply and interests

fiscal policy

gov decdides how to influence economy thru government spending and taxation

federal reserve

determines us monetary policy. goal is stbailizating banking system and reducing inflation and overall promoting economic growthke

keynesian economics

gov spending up during recessions and down during booms to circulate money thru economy

based on government creating right level of economic demand and getting increasing returns to scale on spending to economic growth

supply side economics

tax cuts and deregulation. we keep money in citizen pockets for THEM to spend and invest because if they want to spend their money they will ultimately be subject to more sales and corp taxes, so the total amount collected is higher

with lower income taxes, people will want to work more because they can actually save the money they collect btw

associated with trickle-down economics

electorate

citizens who are able to vite

civil rights act of 1964

outlaws discrimination based on race, religion, gender, color, or ethnicity in public places and employment

voting rights act 1965

outlaws literacy tests and establishes preclearance

retrospective voting

vote based on candidate or party’s track records

prospective voting

vote based on proposed initiatives’ effects on future

rational-chioice voting

voter exaines both candidates and chooses the most rational option aka which one will bebenfit them the most

funcitons of political parties

voter mobilization, getting candidates elected

side: making party platforms and recruiting/nominating candidates and running/organizing campaigns

how are parties organized

very decentralized each chapter at the state local federal level is relatively independent

types of committees in parties

national committee: raises money, recruits candidates, writes platfomrs

hill committee: congressmen that focus on recruiting candidates for congressional seatssta

state/county chairs: state parties are more influential than national

campaign strategires

showcasing candidates, putting them in debates and social media

purpose of the lobbyist

to influence legislation thru direct contact with legislator or executive branch

hard money

donations helped to elect or fight specific candidate

regulated by federal election committee and must be reported with strict Ilimites on ab=mounts

federal election committee

independent agency that enforces federal canfaign finance laws and oversees federal elections of the US

struggles to close loopholes

BCRA/ McCain feigngold bipartisan campaign reform act

sets hard limits on certain sources of campaign contributions

bans soft money to national parties and corporations

fairness doctrine

news must make presenting politcal view fiar and equal. ended in 1980

types of interest groups

civil rights, professional association, labor union, corporation, single-issue

revolving door issue

former congressmen become lobbyists or join igs to get a hand up and stuff… sometimes lobbyists cana LSO just bribe people thru gifts

hlog 1007

tries to fix revolving door issue by banning gifrs to members of Congresss from lobbyintsts and increases pd of time required for former members of Congress t be able to lobby current members

dealignment

median voter is starting to not align withh political party growing feelings

associated with growing mistrust of gov and political parties

growth of independent registered votsers and ticket splitting

distributive and redistributive policy and discretionary spending vs mandatory spending

I just wanted to remind u they existed

shelby county v holder 2013

strikes down preclearance as unconstitutional and allows voter id laws to rise

provisional ballot

given when the voter shows up but doesn’t show up on the rolls or something. ie there are questions about the voter’s eligibility to actually vote

they let u vote but they put it off to the side until result is really close

absentee ballot

mailed-in ballow that increases participation and became more prevalent after vovid

critical election

elections that see significant shifts in the alignment of political parties and voters

ballot measures

yes/o question at the end of a state-level ballot that gauges voter opinion onstate legislation

initiative

citizen groups sign petitions to get issues place on ballot measure

referendum

citizen repeals a popular law like taxes or state constitutional amendments

recall

removal of elected officials by voter in middle of term. doesn’t exist for president or congressional memebrs

runoff election

rerun limited to top 2 candidates, generally occurs if no candidate gets at least 50% of vote

political action committee

interest Groups created specifically to fund and spend cash on isusue-relevant laws or to fund a specific candidate

527 political committee

can’t explicitly campaign for a particular candidate, but no limits on spending. all pacs are 527s but they are more restricted since they can actually make direct constributions to a candidate

501c

nonproifit for science or religion or educaiton or charity

only allowed to spend half of budget on politics as primary purpose is not supposed to be politics

Main focus I s issue advocacy

ways that interest groups influece policy

Lobbying/legislation

litigation

Electioneering

impounding funds

president cannot impound funds/ withhold funds unless explicitly authorized by law

pork bvarrel spending

using riders in bills to spend on projects that only benefit one state or district

powers exclyusive to teh house

all revenue/tax bills have to originate in the house, as they have power of the purse techically. has stuff to do with taxation with representation since hosue is closer to the people

also the house has pwoer to impeach officials

powers exlcusive to senate

power to punish post-oimpeachment

poweer to approve treaties

power of advice and cojnsent

congressional oversight

investigation of other branches’ activiteies

hjow can congress check the excecutive

ikmpeachmen tveto override nomination review

how does congrewess check th ejudiciary

set size of federal court

decide if justice gets elecetd

speaker of the house

most powerful memebr of all congres,s elected at beginning of each congressinal term by vote

doesn’t actually aahve to be soimeoine from congress, but usually is

manages legislative agenda appoints members to committees and controls flor od bills to the floor

• usually responsible to defend majority party’s legislative agendas

next in line to ve prez after vp

ways to gerrymander and dilute influence

packing and cracking

senate president

vice president. never actually votes excepot when a tie is in place

president pro tempore

given to longest serving ember of majority party, presiding over senate in absence of vp

standing committee

permanent policy areas and handles majority of legislative work in congress

select committees

established for select purpsoe and dissovle after completimg task

appropriatiuons committee

determine allocaiton of government funds fo rdiff federal agencies and welfare programs and all pgov things

house committee on ways and means

respoinsible for fiscal/tax policy. exlucive to house because of p[weor of purse

hosue rules committee

determines which bills make it to floor vote in the house

also sets rules/schedules for debate for a bill

basicallt the traffic cop of congress

can also kill a bill by having it scheculed at end of legislative session

legislative proceess of moving bill htroguh congress

1. introduce it

2. add to it

3. refer it to committee and sub based on policy focus where it undergoes markups

   1. must also pass rules committee if indtroduced in house

4. floor vote

5. president’s vote

conference committee

joint senate and house committee thnat is temporay and formed to reconcile differences when senate./house passes dif fverisons of the same bill

conbgressional override

congress can vote to override presidential veto with 2/3 majoriuty

requirements to be senator

30 years minimum, us citizen for 9 years and inhabitant of state serving

req for house rep

25 min, us cit for 7 yrs, inhabitant of state representing

req for presidency

35 years, ant ural born cit and 14 years of residency in us

formal powers of the president

• chief executive, enforcing laws pasing by congress

• chief diplimat, ehad of gov and head os state and guidign foreign policy AND RECEIVING AMBASSADORS AND MINISTERS.

• commander in chief, civilian commander of mipitary

• pardoning power

• appointmnet power

• recess appointement pwoer

• ability to pocket veto and regularly veto

commutation

reducing the length of a sentence

infgormal powers of the president

• chief legislator

• face of the government/chief communicator (bully pulpit)

• signing executive agreements with other nations

offenses for impeachment

treason

bribery

high crimes and misdemeanors

basically, anything that is an abuse of powers of office

impleachmetn articels

any single memebnr in yhouse can introduce articles of impeachment

investigation is usually conducted by the house judicairy commtite and later sent to full house

war powers act of 1973

pased during vietnam war

limtis president’s ability to wage war w/o conmgressional pproval

president can fdeploy troops unilaterally, but must notify congress within 48 hours

and must withdraw troops within 60 days without further congressional approval or declaration of war

pendleton act 1883

federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law

rulemaking authority

authority to make regulations and enforce laws passed by congress

discretionary authority

congress gives the bureaucracy broad authority to make their own decisions and carry out actions

red-tape problem

excessive/complex rules and regulations that slow down decision-amking and make it difficult for the regular joe to navigate gov procedures

checks on the bureaycracy

advice and consent + oversight + power of purse from congress

judiciary can declare stuff unconstitutionaal

president can remove some appointed officials at will and has influence over hte budget

scotus is the highest court in the land

i just wanted u to know that :)