Attachment points and actions

Ch. 11 A&P attachment points of muscles.

Galea aponeurotica or epicranial aponeurosis

Occipital bone / frontalis | Connects frontalis to occipitalis

Frontalis

Galea aponeurosis / skin of forehead | muscle located at the forehead that lowers the eyebrows.

Occipitalis

Occipital bone / galea aponeurosis | Raising eyebrows

Temporalis

Mandible / temporal bone | Muscle responsible for elevation and retraction of the mandible.

Masseter

Mandible / zygomatic arch | Muscle responsible for elevation of the mandible.

Buccinator

Maxilla / mandible - orbicularis oris. Muscle responsible for compressing the cheeks.

Orbicularis oculi

Medial bones of orbit / orbit circumference | Closes eyelids

Orbicularis oris

Tissue around lips / under skin mouth corners | Puckering / Kissing

Zygomaticus

Zygomatic bone / orbicularis oris | Elevates mouth corners / smiling

Sternocleidomastoid

Sternum & clavicle / mastoid process of temporal bone | Rotates / tilts head to side

Splenius capitis

Mastoid process of temporal / spinous process of C_7 - T_3 | Lateral rotation & flexion

Pectoralis major

Clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-7 / greater tubercle of humerus | Flexion, adduction (elbows together)

Pectoralis minor

Ribs 2-5 / coracoid process of scapula | Throwing motion

External intercostals

Ribs / ribs | Inhale / Exhale (expands thoracic cavity)

Internal intercostals

Ribs / ribs | Forced exhalation

Diaphragm

Sternum, ribs 6-12, lumbar vertebrae / central tendon | Inhale / Exhale

External oblique

Ribs 5-12 + ilium / ribs 7-10 + linea alba | [Rotation/Flexion of trunk]

Internal oblique

Rib below each intercostal muscle / rib superior | Forced exhale

Transversus abdominis

Ilium & ribs 5-10 / sternum + linea alba | Forceful exhalation

Rectus abdominis

Pubis / sternum & ribs 7-12 | Sitting up

Linea alba

Band of connective tissue running down the midline of the abdomen, formed by the aponeuroses of the oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. It serves as an attachment point for abdominal muscles.

Tendinous intersections

Horizontal fibrous bands that divide the rectus abdominis muscle into segments, makes “six pack”

Erector spinae

Occipital bone; ilium | Extends vertebral column

Trapezius

Skull + vertebral column; acromion & spine of scapula | Shrugs shoulders; tilts head backwards

Rhomboideus major

T_2 - T_5; medial border of scapula | Stabilizes/retracts scapula

Latissimus dorsi

T_7 - T_{12}; lumbar iliac crest; humerus | Humerus extension; adduction, medial motion

Supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa; humerus greater tubercle | Abduction

Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa; humerus greater tubercle | Extension; adduction

Teres major

Posterior of scapula; humerus | Extension; adduction

Subscapularis

Subscapular fossa; humerus lesser tubercle | Medial rotation (under scapula)

Teres minor

Lateral border of scapula; humerus greater tubercle | Extension; adduction

Deltoid

Trapezius, clavicle, scapula / deltoid tuberosity of scapula | Abduction, flexion, extension; medial/lateral rotation

Biceps brachii

Glenoid cavity; radial tuberosity | Flexion, supination

Brachialis

Distal humerus; ulna | Flexion

Brachioradialis

Distal end of humerus; styloid process of radius | Flexion

Triceps brachii

Scapula/back of humerus; olecranon of ulna | Extension

Supinator

Lateral epicondyle of humerus; radius proximal end | Supination

Pronator teres

Medial epicondyle of humerus; ulna; lateral radius | Pronation

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus / metacarpals | Flexion, abduction

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process carples | Flexion, abduction

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of humerus / carpals | Flexion

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Humerus / metacarpal | Extension, abduction

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, ulna / metacarpal | Extension, adduction

Iliacus-psoas

 Iliac crest, lumbar vertebrae / femur (lesser trochanter) | Thigh flexion, lateral rotation; Torso flexion

Gluteus maximus

 Ilium, sacrum, coccyx / iliotibial tract, femur | Extension

Tensor fasciae latae

Iliac crest / spine / iliotibial tract | Flexion, abduction

Ilio-tibial tract

TFL, patella | Stabilize knee

Adductor longus

Pubis / Linea aspera | Adduction; flexion

Gracilis

Pubis / tibia | Tibia/fibula: flexion; Thigh: adduction

Biceps femoris

Ischial tuberosity, linea aspera / fibula head, lateral condyle tibia Tibia/fibula: flexion; Thigh: extension, lateral rotation

Semitendinosus

Ischial tuberosity / tibia | Same as above

Semimembranosus

Ischial tuberosity / tibia neutral condyle | Tibia/fibula: flexion; Thigh: extension, medial rotation

Sartorius

Iliac spine / tibia | Tibia: flexion; Thigh: flexion, adduction, lateral rotation

Rectus femoris

Iliac spine, acetabulum / patella, tibial tuberosity | Tibia/fibula: extension; Thigh: flexion

Vastus lateralis

Greater trochanter of femur; patella, tibial tuberosity | Extension

Vastus medialis

Linea aspera; patella | Extension

Vastus intermedius

Back of femur; patella / tibial tuberosity | Extension

Tibialis anterior

Tibial condyle, interosseous membrane / medial | Dorsiflexion; inversion

Gastrocnemius

Femur condyles; calcaneus | Foot: plantar flexion; Tibia/fibula: flexion

Soleus

Front tibia; fibula; interosseous membrane | Plantar flexion

Fibularis

Fibula; 5th metatarsal | Plantar flexion / eversion

Achilles tendon

Calcaneus / Gastrocnemius | Attaches calcaneus to gastrocnemius

splenius capitis

Muscle in the back of the neck that extends, rotates, and laterally flexes the head. It originates on the lower nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7–T3/T4, inserting on the mastoid process and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

levator palpebrae

primary elevator of the upper eyelid, acting to open the eye. It originates at the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone (orbital apex), inserts into the superior tarsal plate via an aponeurosis

lavator scapulae

Muscle located at the back and side of the neck that elevates the scapula. It originates from the transverse processes of C1–C4 and inserts into the medial border of the scapula.

platysma

A superficial muscle of the neck that helps to depress the mandible and tense the skin of the neck. It originates from the fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles and inserts into the lower border of the mandible and the skin of the lower face.

serratus anterior

Muscle located on the lateral aspects of the thorax that functions to protract and stabilize the scapula. It originates from the upper eight or nine ribs and inserts along the medial border of the scapula.