Factors affecting enzyme controlled reactions

Temperature: Higher = higher kinetic energy, more collisions, higher ESC form rate.

Beyond optimum = H bonds holding tertiary structure broken, denatured, active site changes...

shape

pH: Enzymes = narrow pH. ionic + H bonds + active site shape disrupted

Optimum pH: H bonds + active site reform

Extreme pH: active site...

denatures

Substrate concentration: Higher = more ESC + products formed

Too high = limiting factor, rate not increased- active sites occupied, can't successfully...

collide

Enzyme concentration: Higher = more active sites, more ES collisions + ... form

complexes

Competitive inhibitors: bind to active site, similar shape to substrate, prevents ESC + products forming, increased substrate conc limits...

if irreversibly binds, active site = inactivator

effect

Non competitive inhibitors:

bind to allosteric site, changes active site shape, less ESC form, regulates... made.

product

Cofactors: non-protein, required for enzyme...

reactions

Coenzymes: organic, temporarily bound, chemically...

changed

Prosthetic groups: permanently bound to...

enzyme

Co-substrates: form correct shape to bind to active site

change charge distribution on S or AS, making temporary bonds for... to form

ESC

Cyanide: CN- ions irreversibly bind to enzyme in mitochondria + inhibit final stage of aerobic respiration so earlier stages cannot...

run

Snake venom: inhibits a AChE, ACh stays attached to muscle receptors, keeping it contracted, causing...

paralysis

Aspirin: prevents formation of prostaglandins (prevents cell signalling damage)

Reduces pain, inflammation, blood clotting and risk of...

strokes

ATPase inhibitors: inhibit Na/K pump in heart muscle, more calcium ions enter, increasing muscle contractions, stronger...

heartbeat

ACE inhibitors: lowers blood pressure in ppl w hypertension

treats heart failure, minimises second... /...

heart attack, stroke

Protease inhibitors: prevent replication of virus particles in host cell, inhibit protease via ... inhibition

competitive

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: inhibit enzymes that make DNA using rival RNA as a...

template