Exam 3: Phonology, Phonetics, IPA, language

Metathesis

reorders the sequence of sounds in a word e.g Cavalry vs Calvary

Epenthesis

also called “insertion” - adds a sound to a word, e.g “warmth” = “warmpth”

Consonant cluster reduction

one bilabial stop is deleted from a group of closely located consonants

Dissimilation

changing one sound to be less like a neighboring sound

Assimilation

creates ease of articulation through making sounds more nasal

Phonetic environment

a sound’s position in the word and surrounding sounds

Complementary distribution

there are rules for use of phonemes. This relies on phonetic environment

Phonemes are ____ specific

language

Contrastive distribution of phonemes

unpredictable distribution that contrast one another in phonemes.

occurs when two speech sounds (phones) appear in the same phonetic environment and interchanging them changes the word's meaning

Minimal pairs

2 words with pronunciation that differ based on only ONE sound. e.g fat and bat

Phoneme:

minimal unit of sound that distinguishes meaning. Indicated with slashes /t/ /p/

Allophones

variants of phonemes, indicated with [] e.g [tʰ] in top vs [t] in stop

phonemic level

sound differences that make up difference in meaning

Brain organizes sound on two levels:

Phonetic level

Phonemic level

phonetic level

it is the sound level itself

Aspirated sounds

have extra air as part of their pronunciation (pop, top, key) [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]

Phonology

study of systematic structuring of sounds

Vowels are produced with an ___ vocal tract

open

Diphthongs

two part vowel sounds. "gliding" vowels

"oi" in coin and "ow" in owl.

[θ]

Thing, bath

[ð]

this, either, bathe

[ʃ]

Shun, mash

[ʒ]

genre, vision, beige

[tʃ]

church, teacher, much

[dʒ]

judge, major, ledge

[k]

cow

[g]

gal, bag

[ŋ]

sing, rang

Glottal stop

[?] “button”

produced by closing the vocal folds to completely block airflow, followed by a release

For example, in button, we don’t say the t, its voiceless

stop

a closure of articulators and release of articulators

/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/

articulators

the movable (active) and stationary (passive) parts of the vocal tract—primarily the tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, and glottis—that shape airflow from the lungs to produce speech sounds.

Fricative

sound produced by forcing air through a narrow channel in the vocal tract, creating audible friction or "hissing"

fan, van, then, sip

continuous sound

Affricates

complete closed, then release into a fricative

combining a stop (complete blockage of airflow) followed immediately by a fricative (gradual release with friction) at the same articulatory position.

flap

quick contact of articulators

a consonant sound produced by a single, quick muscular contraction where the tongue strikes the alveolar ridge

Paired sounds

one sound has vocal cords open (unvoiced), other very narrow, closed (voiced)

d (voiced) vs t (unvoiced)

Bilabial sounds

sounds made by bringing both lips together

p,b,m

Labial dental sounds

sounds made by bringing together lower lip and upper teeth

f,v

consonants are classified based on 3 parameters

place of articulation

manner of articulation

presence/absence of voicing

Phonetics

study of speech sounds

manner of articulation

way of articulating, including stops, fricatives

alveolar sounds

sounds made by placing tongue on or near alveolar ridge

l,n,t,s,z

voiced sounds

vibration

speech sounds produced when the vocal cords (vocal folds) in the larynx vibrate, creating a buzzing sound

All vowels and most consonants in english are voiced

d is voiced vs t unvoiced

Unvoiced sounds

No vibration of the vocal cords

air expelled through mouth

/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /sh/, /ch/, and /th/

Closed vocal cords

glottal abduction

create glottal stops

prevents airflow

All nasal sounds are almost always

voiced

Alveopalatal sounds

sounds made with part of tongue on hard palate

uncommon in english

velum sounds

tongue raised to touch soft palate at the back of the mouth.

k,g, and (ng)

Labial-velar sounds

double articulation in which lips and back of tongue are used

“win”

“Queen”

Obstruents sounds

stops, fricatives, affricatives

STOP AIRFLOW

Approximants

glides, liquids

Air flow is slightly constrained

Consonants have more ____ than vowels

constriction in airflow

Labiodentals

top teeth touching bottom lips

f,v

Interdentals

tip of tongue between upper and lower teeth

thigh, bathe