self, other, intersubjectivity

The self - darwin 1872

explored self awareness of orangutans.

they didnt have awareness that a mirror was themselves

showing animals dont recognise themselves

The self - gallup 1970

mirror self regonition test as a indicator of self awareness

mustt recognise the image moves with their body, correspondence, treat the reflection as self rather than other

why young infants treat mirror socially, smile vocalise try to play

The self - Gallup study

A chimpanzee is briefly aneasthetised.

A mark is placed on their body where they cannot normally see (e.g., forehead).

Then placed in front of a mirror. If the chimpanzee thinks the reflection is another chimp, it will show social behaviour (threats, vocalisations, gestures).

But if it understands the reflection itself, it will touch or investigate the mark on its own body.

Only a test of physical awareness, not psychological sense of self.

The self - Self concept

personal summary of who we are, positive and negative things, relationships, groups, beliefs. our sense of self is socially derived and comes from interactions with others

Self concept - introspection

one observes and examines internal states of behaviour in specific ways

however this can be innaccurate as people arent always concious of all their reasons of what they do. due to - choice blindness, repression of negative thoughts and overestimation of positive thoughts

Introspection - choice blindness Johansson 2005

P looked at 2 photos of faces and answered which person they find more attractive

experimenter swapped the photo and P was given a face they didnt choose and asked to explain why

give a rational explaination even if not true

73% didnt notice the swap and gave explainations

Introspection - repression of negative thoughts Macrae 1994

asked P to avoid stereotypical thinking about skinheads

however when they met them they sat futher way

limited self insight about certain aspects we wished werent true

Introspection - repression of positive thoughts

people think hey are better than average

Theories of self - dynamic self

developed through social interactions with others, we interpret and create social feedback

Theories of self - self constural (active)

views and knowledge of themselves plays out in interaction with the social environment

motivated by how one sees one self

this can be manipulated and false

Theories of the self - the self (being)

describes and understands our thoughts and feelings, is also formed by our interactions with others

can guide and constrain our behaviour

the being and doing is combined and our behaviour is shaped by perceptions of both

Models of understanding the self - self perception theory Blem 1972

people can infer states by observing our behaviour, and behaviour can influence attitudes

Intrinsic motivation- interest

Extrinsic motivation- praise, money

Danger of justification effect- where IM becomes undermined by a external reward

Models of understanding the self - social comparison Festinger 1954

when people are uncertain of things they evaluate themselves through comparisons with others

Klein 1997- exam marks, happy with low score above av than high score below av

Models of understanding the self - self expansion model Aron 2013

we become ourselves through relationships seeking to expand sense of self

inclusion of other in self principle- expanding self through relationships as the other are experienced as own

Aron 1995- students who recently fallen in love increased descriptions to include their partner in their own self concepts

Other

how we percieve the role of others in our decision making and behaviour

Mead 1934- the generalised other. interested in how children play games involve position exchange (taking roles of others). to be good at this you must understand the role of others, its a guiding concept to know what to do in situations

communication is the creation of a shaped psychological space

Intersubjectivity

When people have mutual agreement, we analyse how multiple people communicate to create meaning

Mutual of awareness of agreement/disagreement, attribution of intentionality, automatic behaviour orienatation

shared psychological space we create when we communicate, through dialogue we can co create new social reality

Gillespie & Cornish 2010- the variety of relations between peoples perspective

Gillespie & Zittoun 2010- shaped by social situations groups norms culture and imaginations

Methods for examining intersubjectivity- conversation analysis

method for gathering data involving naturalistic interactions and systematically analysing its structural organisation

meaning is constructed through interactions with others, environment and context

Turn constructional units- pieces of a conversation that comprise an entire turn. end of a TCU results in a transition relevant place where we may go to another speaker/same speaker

Method of examining intersubjectivity - adjacency pairs

cooperative aspects of language mean statements we make are linked together e.g. greeting greeting, question answer etc

Methods of examining intersubjective - repairs

a speaker recognises a misalignment of perspective and tries to correct it (Schegloff 1992)

self initated repair

third turn repairs

Case study - neurodivergent intersubjectivity

norms help guide us in interacions as what to say and how, violating this can create communicative barriers

Grices 1989 co operative principle- quality, quantity, relation, manner

Heasman & Gillespie 2019- interested in understanding naturally occuring interactions between autistic people video-gaming at a charity supporting autistic adults. used in CA to map out dyadic dialogue between 2 players, scored each turn in a conversation according to 3 common properties of intersubjectivity

Coherence- how much did the turn relate to previous turn?

Affect- how pos/neg was the turn emotionally?

Symmetry- how was a turn said in comparison to previous turn