Exam 3 A&P

The skeletal framework comprises of

1. Upper cervical vertebral column

2. Bones of Facial Skeleton

3. Cranial (skull) Bones

The upper portion of the vertebral column supports the

Skull and provides a scaffold for the neck

The Cervical vertebrae lies behind the

pharynx-laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasopharynx- and forms part of the posterior pharyngeal wall

The mandible

• Single bone forming the lower jaw

• Forms the only movable joint in the skull

• Has two projections

The mandible has two projections, what are those two projections called?

1. Condyloid Process

2. Coronoid Process

The Condyloid process

articulates with temporal bone by the TMJ

The Coronoid Process

for muscle attachment

What is the arrangement of teeth in the dental arch

Incisors, Canine, Premolars, Molars

The mandible is an important structure because it contains

the lower teeth and the attachment for the tongue

The mandible may be two things

1. Prognathic (class III)

2. Retrognathic (class II)

Prognathic mandible

protrudes forward

Retrognathic mandible

pulls back

Pierre Robin sequence

unusually small jaw, which alters tongue position and can induce problems with swallowing

Treacher Collins

Variety of facial deformities, including lowered eyes, absent cheekbones, cleft palate

Maxilla is a paired bone forming the

nose, upper dental ridge, and most of the hard palate

• Houses upper teeth

• Forms part of orbit of eye (floor)

• Joints w/ all other facial bones except mandible

The maxilla has four processes, what are they?

1. Frontal

2. Zygomatic

3. Alveolar

4. Palatine

What does the frontal process provide?

framework for the nose, articulates with frontal one

What does the Zygomatic process provide?

articulates with zygomatic bone

The Alveolar process provides

holding the teeth

The Palatine process provides

floor of the nasal cavity, roof of the mouth

Class I (normal) occlusion

Normal facial profile

• Adequate relationship between the mandible and maxilla bones

The cusps of the first mandibular molar interdigitate ahead and inside of the corresponding cups of the first maxillary molar

Class II Malocclusion

• Retracted mandible

• Deviant relationship between the mandible and maxilla bones (retrognathic)

The cusps of the first mandibular molar are behind and inside the corresponding cusps of the first maxillary (45% of the population)

Class III Malocclusion

• Prognathic mandible

• Deviant relationship between the mandible and maxilla bones (prognathic)

The cusps of the first mandibular molar interdigitate a tooth or more ahead of the corresponding cusps of the first maxillary molar.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

The mandible articulates with the left and right temporal bones along the sides of the skull to form the TMJ

• The TMJ is an ellipsoid-condyloid joint (ball and socket). This joint allows you to hinge and glide (front/back, side/side).

Three ligaments influence the TMJ movement including

1. Temporomandibular (lateral)

2. Sphenomandibular

3. Sylomandibular

The mandible can move in three different ways relative to the skull. What are those three movements?

1. Upward and downward

2. Forward and backward

3. Side to side

What is articulation?

Adjustment of the shape of the vocal tract by movement of articulators

Framework for articulation

Facial and cranial bones of the skull

What are the cavities of the articulatory system?

1. Oral

2. Buccal

3. Nasal

4. Pharyngeal

Cavities of the vocal tract: Oral

• Extends from mouth to the faucial pillars

• Size and shape of the oral cavity can be altered by movement of lips, tongue and mandible to make different speech sounds

Cavities of the vocal tract: Buccal

• Found between lips and cheeks and between the gums and teeth

• Source of resonance

• Plays a role in misarticulation /s/ (lateral /s/)

Within the cavities of the articulatory system are five structures that play a role in speech production, swallow, or to our immune system

1. Lips

2. Teeth

3. Tongue

4. Palate

5. Tonsils

What is the function of the lips? Consonants & Vowels

Consonants: /p, b, m, f, v, m/ need lip (labial movement

Vowels: most back vowels in English require labial movement for resonance but more important is lingual (tongue) movement

The most mobile articulator is the

tongue, followed by the lips

The structure occupying the floor of the mouth, consisting of

The tongue

1. Dorsum: superior surface

2. Tip (apex): anterior most portion

3. Base: resides in the oropharynx

4. Root: inferior

What are the tongue portions?

1. Oral/Palatine surface: 2/3 within the oral cavity

2. Pharyngeal surface: 1/3 within the pharyngeal cavity

3. Median fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves (central sulcus)

The Palate consists of

the alveolar arch, hard palate, and soft palate (or velum)

To produce individual vowels and consonants, a speaker must be able to move

1. Lips

2. Tongue tip

3. Tongue body

4. Tongue root

5. Raise/Lower the jaw

6. Velum

7. Oral/nasal consonants

To swallow, we use the lips, tongue, cheeks, epiglottis, and the pharyngeal muscles

Orbicularis Oris muscle: Origin

Corner of lips

Orbicularis Oris muscle: Course

Laterally within lips

Orbicularis Oris muscle: Insertion

Opposite corner of lips

Orbicularis Oris muscle: Function

Constrict oral opening

Orbicularis Oris muscle: Innervation

Facial nerve

Risorius: Origin

Posterior portion of face

Risorius: Course

Forward

Risorius: Insertion

Orbicularis Oris at the corners of mouth

Risorius: Function

To spread the lips (smiling); pulls the angle of the mouth back

Risorius: Innervation

Facial nerve

Buccinator: Origin

Alveolar process of maxilla, mandible

Buccinator: Course

Forward

Buccinator: Insertion

Upper and lower border of the orbicularis Oris

Buccinator: Function

Compresses the cheeks for sucking and chewing (hold food between the molars); can draw the corners laterally

Buccinator: Innervation

Facial nerve

Zygomatic Major: Origin

Lateral to the zygomatic minor on the zygomatic bone

Zygomatic Major: Course

Obliquely down

Zygomatic Major: Insertion

Corner of the orbicularis Oris

Zygomatic Major: Function

Elevates and retracts the angle of mouth (smile)

Zygomatic Major: Innervation

Facial nerve

Zygomatic Minor: Origin

Facial surface of zygomatic bone

Zygomatic Minor: Course

Downward

Zygomatic Minor: Insertion

Mid-lateral region of upper lip

Zygomatic Minor: Function

TO draw the upper lip forward

Zygomatic Minor: Innervation

Facial nerve

Levator Labii Superioris: Origin

Inferior surface of the orbital cavity of the eye

Levator Labii Superioris: Insertion

Orbicularis Oris/cartilage of nose

Levator Labii Superioris: Function

To elevate the upper lip for a broad smile

Levator Labii Superioris: Innervation

Facial nerve

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi: Origin

Frontal process of maxilla

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi: Course

Down, lateral to naris

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi: Insertion

Mid-lateral area of upper lip

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi: Function

To elevate the upper lip for a broad smile

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi: Innervation

Facial nerve

Levator Anguli Oris: Origin

Canine fossa of maxilla

Levator Anguli Oris: Course

Down

Levator Anguli Oris: Insertion

Orbicularis Oris

Levator Anguli Oris: Function

Draws corner of mouth up and medially

Levator Anguli Oris: Innervation

Facial nerve

Depressor Labii Inferior: Origin

Oblique line of the mandible

Depressor Labii Inferior: Course

Up and into the lower lip

Depressor Labii Inferior: Insertion

Lower lip

Depressor Labii Inferior: Function

To depress the lower lip

Depressor Labii Inferior: Innervation

Facial nerve

Depressor Anguli Oris: Origin

Lateral margins of the mandible on the oblique line

Depressor Anguli Oris: Course

Fanlike upward

Depressor Anguli Oris: Insertion

Orbicularis Oris and upper lip corner

Depressor Anguli Oris: Function

To pull the corners of the mouth down and compress upper lip to lower lip

Depressor Anguli Oris: Innervation

Facial nerve

Mentalis: Origin

Incisive fossa of the mandible

Mentalis: Course

Down

Mentalis: Insertion

Midline of the mandible (chin)

Mentalis: Function

To raise and protrude the lower lip (sometimes called the pouting muscle)

Mentalis: Innervation

Facial nerve

Platysma: Origin

The fascia overlaying the pectoralis major and deltoid

Platysma: Course

Up

Platysma: Insertion

Corner of mouth, lower margin of mandible

Platysma: Function

Primarily mandibular depressor, secondarily lower lip depressor

Platysma: Innervation

Facial nerve

Which of the muscles is a lip contractor

Orbicularis Oris Muscle

Which of the muscles is a cheek compressor

Buccinator

Which of the muscle’s functions is lip spreading (2)

1.Risorius 2. Zygomatic major