Unit 1 and people

AP human

What is globalization

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdependence across national borders. Began as an economic movement rooted in free trade but has expanded to all areas of society.

What is scale?

What happens at a local scale will happen at a regional national or global scale

Tobler’s first law of geography

Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other

Quantitative data

,ensures expressed in numbers (quantity) ex: census data

Qualitative data

Yep of data collected (ex: income range, religion, language) quality

Medical geography

Mapping distribution of a disease is the first step of finding the cause

Dr. John snow did what

He a noted anesthesiologist in london, mapped cases of cholera in 1854 and found a link to contaminated water

Where would we find chlora

In places lacking infrastructure

Immanuel kant

We need disciplines focused on not only the particular phenomena but also the perspectives of time and space.

How many geographical concepts are there

8

What are the major concepts of geography

Location, human-environment interactions, region, place, movement, cultural landscape, scale, and context

Location

Highlights how the geographical position of people and things of earths surface affects what happens and why

Absolute location

Does not change, latitude and longitude

Relative location

Location compared to another thing, may shift

Human-environment interactions

A spatial perspective invites consideration between the relationship of humans and the physical world

Why of where

Where is it and why is it there

Region

Features of the earths surface

Place

Place is a unique location

Toponym

Name of a place

Movement

Movement refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet

Cultural landscape

The human imprint on the physical or natural environment

Carl sauer

Made cultural landscape

Sequent occupance

Refers to the sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other, each layer having some impact on the last

Cartography

The art and science of making maps

Reference maps

Shows locations and places and geographic features

Thematic maps

Tells stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon

Why do geographers use reference maps

They focus on accuracy in showing absolute locations of places

Topographic maps

They show only the natural/physical features, nothing in the cultural landscape

Global positioning system

Allows us to locate things on the surface of earth with accuracy

GPS

Global Positioning System

What do thematic maps do

Tell stories showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon

Map projections

When transferring 3d to 2d always distortion

Mercator

Oldest, distortion at poles, used for navigation

Robinson

Symmetrical, eye pleasing

Peters

Most correct for placement, appears elongated

What map?

Mercador

What map?

Robinson

What map?

Peters

Plantar

View from poles, can show shortest distance over poles

Azimuthal

Maps are often polar, everything on the map is equidistant from the center

What map?

Plantar

Map scale

The ratio of distance of a map compared to the distance on earths surface (ex: 10,000: 1)

Large scale maps

Shadow small area

Small scale maps

Show large area

Choropleth maps/ generalized maps

Thematic maps that help us see trends

Isoline or isotherm maps

Connect points of equal value on a map (often used in weather but lines for elevation too)

Dot maps

Dots

Symbol map (proportional symbol)

Show different symbols

Cartogram

places increase or decrease in size depending on amount

Map limitations

Omits other info, distortion, scale

Remote sensing

Tech to see the world remotely

GIS

Geographic information system

Geographic information system

Computer hardware and software combined to show analyze and represent geographic data (layers)

What are the two meanings of scale in geography

Distance on a map compared to earth, spatial extent of something and level of analysis

Mal scale

Distance on a map compared to distance on earths surface affects (10,000:1)

Operational scale

Spatial extent of something and level on analysis (local, regional, national, global)

Formal region

A shared cultural or physical trait (ex: French speaking region of Europe)

Functional region

Particular set of interrelated activities or interactions that occur within in (ex: Chicago and its hinterland)

Hinterland

The rural or urban area tied to a city

Perceptual or vernacular region

Intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography (ex: west of US)

Culture

All encompassing term for whole tangible lifestyle and beliefs

Culture complex

More than one culture may exhibit a particular culture trait, but each consists of a discrete combination of traits.

Cultural hearth

An origin area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse

What is it called when a cultural trait develops in more than one hearth without being influenced by its development elsewhere

Independent invention

Expansion diffusion

When an idea develops from a hearth and remains strong there while spreading outward

Contagious diffusion

A form of expansion diffusion where all adjacent individuals and places are affected- usually person to person contact

Hierarchical diffusion

A pattern which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused (ex: high fashion)

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

Not as common, the spread of a tree from the bottom to the top

Stimulus diffusion

When an idea meets a barrier and adjusts to it to continue diffusing (ex: India no meat and McDonald’s)

Relocation diffusion

Someone moves and spreads something to where they moved (usually through migration)

Spatial interaction

Distance more less accessible

Time-space compression

Technology changes interaction to more than just distance, but interconnectivness

Environmental determinism

The idea that individual and collective human behavior is fundamentally affected by, or controlled by the physical enviorment.

Environmental possiblism

Environment may limit a range of choices to a culture, hit technology and societies may change that.

Carrying capacity

The amount of people a space may carry

The hearths of agricultural and urban revolutions and major religions

North a,Erica, southwest asia, Southeast Asia, and east Asia

Cultural ecology

Concerned with culture as a system of adaptation

Political ecology

Fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political arrangements and assumptions

Who created mercador map

Gerardus Mercator

Who created the galls-peter map

James Gall and Arno peters

Who created the Robinson projection map

Arthur Robinson

Who created the winkel triple map

Oswald winkel

Malthusian theory

Population grows exponentially and food supply grows arithmeticly

Positive check

Preventive (birth control)

Negative check

Responses to overpopulation (starvation)

Von thügen

Formulated a model explaining and predicting rural land use, specifically where and why different agricultural activities would take place around a cities marketplace

Walter christaller

Central place theory (hexagons)

Hoyt

Hoyt’s sector model or transport model

Burgess

Burgess concentric zone

Harris and ullman

Multiple nuclei model

Chauncy harris

Galactic city model

Larry ford and Ernest griffin

Latin American city model

T.G mcgee

Southeast Asian model

H. De blij

African city model

Alfred Weber

Least cost theory

Rostow

5 stages of economic development we can all become core countries

Immanuel Wallerstein

World systems theory- Core, periphery, semi periphery