Bio ACTUAL SOL REVIEW

What is the scientific method

A system to help a scientist answer a question

What are the steps of the scientific method in order

Observation, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion

On a graph showing data for an experiment, what axis is the IV and which axis is the DV

X-Axis for the IV, Y-Axis for the DV

What is the main universal solvent

Water

What are the three states of water

Gas (Vapor), Solid (Ice), and Liquid (Water)

What is the chemical formula for water

H2O

What part of the water has a positive charge

Hydrogen

What part of the water has a negative charge

Oxygen

What is the affect of waters charge on other objects

It allows water to stick to other objects that have a charge

What holds water to other substances and too itself

Hydrogen Bonds

What is it called when water sticks to itself

Cohesion

What is it called when water sticks to other things

Adhesion

What does High Specific Heat mean

It means that water can absorb a lot of energy, without increasing its own temperature

What is metabolism

It’s when body
temperature
begins to
fluctuate
a lot
and starts to
alter
chemical
reactions


What is a simple term to define homeostasis

Body Balance

When metabolism is thrown off, what else is thrown off?

Homeostasis

What is pH

It is a scale that measures the amount of hydrogen atoms in a solution

What is a pH below 7 known as

An Acid

What is a pH above 7 known as

Bases

What is a pH thats exactly 7

Neutral

What is the ratio of hydrogen ions on the pH scale

The lower the pH, the higher concentration of hydrogen ions

What are macro molecules

Larger Polymers that are made up of smaller monomers

What is a Carbohydrate

The
only macromolecule
that
is
used
for ENERGY; The building blocks for carbohydrates are called MONOSACCHARIDES

What are Lipids

The
only
macromolecule
used
to
STORE
ENERGY
and
to
provide
INSULATION; Its building blocks are FATTY ACIDS

What is a protein

The
only
macromolecule
that
can
SPEED
UP
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
and
provide
 STRUCTURE
&
SUPPORT;It’s building
blocks
are
AMINO
ACIDS.

What are nucleic acids

The
only macromolecules
that
TRANSMITS HEREDITY
INFORMATION; It’s building blocks are called Nucleotides

What are enzymes

Enzymes
are
CATALYSTS.
Catalysts SPEED
things
up.

Without
enzymes,
chemical
reactions (metabolism) would…

happen
too
slowly
to
keep
you
alive.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Enzymes
speed
up
chemical
reactions
by
LOWERING
ACTIVATION
ENERGY.

Activation
energy
is
the
amount
of
energy
 needed
to
start
a
chemical
reaction.

What’s the ratio between activation energy and chemical reaction speed

The
bigger
the
activation
energy
the
slower
the
chemical
reaction

The
smaller
the
activation
 energy
the
faster
the
chemical
 reaction.

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory

1. All
living
things
are
composed
of
 cells.

2. Cells
are
the
basic
units
of
structure
and
function
of
life.

3. Cells
can
only
come
from
pre‐existing
cells.

Who was the first person to use the term “Cell” when referring to the tiny structures that build life

Robert Hooke

What is a prokaryote

Prokaryotes
are
simple,
small,
and
lack
a
nucleus.

The
only example
of
a
prokaryote
is
 BACTERIA.

What is a eukaryote

Eukaryotes
are
complex,
large,
and
contain
a
nucleus
and
lots
of
 organelles.

All
protists,
fungi,
plants
and
animals
are
made
up
of
eukaryotic
cells.

What is the difference between a unicellular and a multicellular organism

A Unicellular organism is a species made with only one cell, while a multicellular is made with multiple cells

What is a nucleus

This
is
the
control
center
of
the
cell.

It
contains
the
cell’s
DNA
 and
controls
the cell’s
metabolism
and homeostasis

What is a mitochondria

This
is
the
power
 plant
of
the
cell.
The
cell’s
energy
 supply
(ATP)
is
made
here
via
 CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.

What is a ribosome


These
are
the
sites
of
 protein
synthesis
for
the
cell

What is a Golgi Apparatus

This
is
the
post
office
of
the
cell.
It
packages
and
exports
materials
in
and
around
the
cell.

What is an Endoplasmic Reticulum

There are
two
kinds:
smooth
and
rough.
Both
help
to
move
things
around
the
 cell.

They
work
like
a
system
of
roads
 in
the
cell.

What is a Lysosome

These
are
the
garbage
cans
of
the
cell.

They
break
down waste.

What is a chloroplast

This
is
found
in
plants
and
is
the
site
of
 photosynthesis.

What is a Cell Wall

This
is
a
rigid
layer
found
on
the
outside
of
plant
cells.

It
gives
plant
cells
their
unique
rectangular
shape.

What is a Cell Membrane

This
surrounds
all
cells.

It
maintains
homeostasis
by
controlling
what
can
enter
and
leave
the
cell.

It’s
composed
of
two
layers
of
PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

The
PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER
has
a
polar
head
and
two
 non‐polar
tails.

This
allows
things
that
are
small
and
non­polar
to
cross
the
membrane
without
asking
for
 permission.

What are the two types of transport

Active and Passive

What’s the difference between Active and Passive Transport

Passive Transport moves substances across the membrane from high to low concentration without energy

Active Transport moves substances across the membrane from low to high concentration using energy

What are the three types of passive transport

DIFFUSION:
the
movement
of
substances
from
a
region
of
high
concentration
to
 low
concentration.

OSMOSIS:
the
movement
of
water
from
a
region
of
high
concentration
to
low
 concentration.

FACILITATED
DIFFISION:
the
movement
of
substances
from
high
to
low
with
the
 help
of
a
transport
protein.

What are the similarities between Cellular Respiration and Photo synthesis

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
and
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
are
processes
that
allow
cells
to
use
and
make
energy
to
keep
the
cell
alive.



They
have
a
cyclical
relationship
with
one
another.

They
depend
on
one
another!

What is Cellular Respiration

CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
is
a
process
that
turns
sugar
(glucose
C6H12O6)
into
usable
energy
for
the
cell
(ATP).


What is photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
is
a
process
that
turns
 light
energy
from
the
sun
into
food
 (glucose)
for
plants.

Plants
and
organisms

 that
make
their
own
food
are
called
 AUTOTROPHS.

Autotrophs
perform
 photosynthesis
in
their
CHLOROPLASTS.

What is a heterotroph

Organisms
who
cannot
make
their
own
food who
use
a process
to
release
ATP
from
food
in
the
MITOCHONDRIA.

What is an autotroph

Organisms who can make their own food via photosynthesis

What is DNA

DNA
is
a
double‐helix
composed
of
2
complementary
strands.

It
has
4
nucleotides
composed
of
either
A,
T, C, and G:

A
pairs with
T,
G
pairs
with
C.

This
structure
makes
DNA
REPLICATION
and
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
possible.

What is the process of DNA Replication

When
DNA
needs
to
divide,
DNA
REPLICATION
begins.

The
weak
hydrogen
bonds that
are
holding
the
two
strands
of
DNA
together
break
apart
and
the
DNA
“unzips.”

 The
two
original
strands
of
DNA
then
become
templates
for
new
daughter
strands
of
 DNA
that
will
form.

Transcription

Turning DNA into RNA

Translation

mRNA to proteins

What is cell division called

Mitosis

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Genetics is the study of…

Genetics is
the
study
of
HEREDITY

Whats a basic unit of heredity

A Gene

What is an allele

One of two or more alternate forms of a specific gene

What are the names in the classification system

DOMAIN

KINGDOM
PHYLUM

CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

Whats a good pneumonic for the classification system

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup

What are the 6 Kingdoms of life

1. Archaebacteria:
Prokaryotic
organisms
that
are
only
 found
in
extreme
environments.


2. Eubacteria:

Single‐celled,
prokaryotic
organisms
that
 can
cause
sickness
(Example:
streptococcus
&
 salmonella)

3. Protist:
Single‐celled,
eukaryotic
organisms
that
can
 be
either
heterotrophic
(protozoa)
or
autotrophic
 (algae).

4. Fungi:
Multicellular
eukaryotic
organisms
with
cell
 walls
composed
of
chitin.

These
organisms
are
 external
digesters
(heterotrophic).

5. Plant:
Multicellular
eukaryotic
autotrophs
with
cell
 walls
composed
of
cellulose.

6. Animal:
Multicellular
eukaryic
heterotrophs
that
do
 not
have
cell
walls.

What is evolution

The
process
by
which
species
change
over
time.

It’s
brought
on
by
the
process
of
NATURAL
SELECTION.

 Natural
selection
allows
for
individuals
with
certain
traits
to
successfully
survive
and
reproduce,
passing
those
traits
to
the
 next
generation.

What is the 3 main scientific focuses when it comes to evidence for evolution

Fossils

Anatomy

and Biochemistry