Reproductive Health Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering reproductive health, birth control methods, infertility treatments, and sexually transmitted diseases based on the provided lecture notes.

Adolescence Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH)

Topics focused on reducing risky behavior, providing accurate information on contraception, and dealing with peer pressure to dispel myths and misconceptions about reproductive health.

Coitus Interruptus

A behavioral birth control method, also known as 'interrupted sex', where the penis is withdrawn from the vagina just before ejaculation.

Rhythm method (Safe Period)

A behavioral method requiring knowledge of the female partner's menstrual cycle to identify days when sexual intercourse is possible without risk of pregnancy.

Male Condoms

Latex covers for the erect penis that protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV/AIDS.

Female Condoms

Polyurethane loose sheaths with two rings that can be inserted about 8 hours prior to intercourse and kept for 12 hours after; they protect against STDs and pregnancy.

Diaphragm

A small saucer-shaped rubber sheath with a metal coil in its rim fitted across the mouth of the uterus (cervix).

Cervical Cap

A small dome-shaped rubber device fitted on the cervix; it is rarely used today due to being uncomfortable to apply.

Combined oral contraceptives

Birth control pills containing estrogen and progestin that mainly work by preventing ovulation and making cervical mucus hostile to sperm.

Norplant

A subdermal implant system of six small plastic capsules containing progestin, placed under the skin of a woman‘s upper arm to supply a steady, low dose for contraception.

Emergency Oral Contraception

Often called 'morning after' contraception, these mainly stop ovulation after unprotected sex but have serious health hazards if used regularly.

Vaginal Pessaries

Tablets, creams, or foams containing spermicides toxic to sperm, inserted into the vagina just before coitus.

Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCD)

Small, flexible plastic frames with copper or hormones placed inside the uterus to prevent sperm and egg from meeting or to prevent implantation.

Lippes Loop

An IUCD consisting of a thin plastic or polyethylene wire bent in a series of S-shapes.

Copper T

A T-shaped IUCD where the long arm stays along the uterine cavity and shorter arms stay across the upper endometrium; copper is toxic to sperms.

Mirena

An Intrauterine System (IUS) that releases the progesterone levonorgestrel to affect ovulation, endometrium growth, and cervical mucus.

Tubal Ligation

A permanent surgical method where the fallopian tubes are tied off and usually cut to prevent sperm from reaching the ovum.

Vasectomy

A permanent surgical method for males where the vas deferens tubes are tied off and cut.

Essure

A method involving small micro-inserts placed at the mouth of the fallopian tubes to cause scarring and block them.

Fimbria

Long fingerlike projections of the fallopian tube used to pick up the ovum after it is released from the ovary.

Zygote

A single cell formed when a sperm successfully penetrates and fuses with an ovum.

Morula

A 16-celled cluster of identical cells, appearing like a bunch of grapes, that reaches the uterus about the $6^{th}$ to $9^{th}$ day after ovulation.

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus where the morula burrows and implants.

Infertility

The inability of a couple to conceive or produce children after one year of sexual life without protected contraception.

Azoospermia

The complete absence of sperm in the semen.

Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI)

A procedure where washed and centrifuged high-density sperm is injected directly into the uterus, bypassing the vagina.

In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

A process where egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the womb in a fluid medium (in vitro) and then transferred to the uterus.

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

An infertility treatment where an egg is fertilised in vitro and the resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by laparoscopy.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

An assisted reproductive technology where eggs and sperm are placed together in the fallopian tube so fertilization occurs inside the body.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A technique where a single healthy sperm is injected directly into the center of an egg to achieve fertilization.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

An infection of a woman's reproductive organs (uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries) that can lead to infertility if untreated.

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes, which can cause dangerous intra-abdominal hemorrhage.

Oligospermia

A condition characterized by a low sperm count in males.

Anovulation

The absence of ovulation in females.

Cryptorchidism

The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac.

World Population Day

An annual event celebrated on $11^{th}$ July.

AMNIOCENTESIS

A foetal test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo, often used for sex determination.

LACTATIONAL AMENORIA

The absence of menstruation and disruption of ovulation during the period of intense lactation following parturition.

ETIOLOGY

The study of the causes of diseases.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The study of the mode of transmission of diseases.

RECANALISATION

The attachment of cut vasa deferentia with plastic tubes following a Vasectomy.

CASTRATION

The surgical removal of the testes.

POPULATION EXPLOSION

A rapid increase in the population.