NCE: Counseling & Helping Relationships (Theories, methods, and techniques)

what are the three core dimensions of effective counselors by Carkhuff, Traux, and Mitchell?

authenticity/genuineness, positive regard/acceptance, accurate empathetic understanding

Gazda’s Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses

• level 1: giving no help at all

• level 2: being strictly superficial

• level 3: facilitating growth but only minimally since the counselor’s responses are at least not distorted only surface

• level 4: response which entails the counselor’s going beyond reflection to underlying feelings and meanings

Carkhuff’s 5-Point Scale for Assessing Facilitative Interpersonal Counseling

empathy, respect, concreteness, genuineness and self-disclosure, confrontation, immediacy

Ivey and Authier’s Microcounseling Skills Approach

• attending

• reflection

• paraphrasing

• leading

• summarizing

• clarification

• support

• confrontation

• approval

• interpreting

• instructing

• information giving

• homework

• contracting

Freud is credited with formulating the first counseling model (psychoanalytic). true or false?

true

what are the goals of psychoanalytic therapy?

• bringing the unconscious to conscious

• help work through repressed conflicts

• help reach intellectual awareness

• help restructure his or her basic personality

what is the role of the psychoanalytic counselor?

• anonymous expert

• makes meaning of current behavior as the behavior relates to the past

• client should develop projections toward the counselor

• assists in reducing any resistances as the client works with transferences

In psychoanalytic therapy, ___________ flaws result from the failure to successfully resolve conflicts at an earlier stage of ______ development.

personality; ego

In psychoanalytic therapy, ________ occurs when basic conflicts are repressed.

anxiety

Id vs. ego vs. supergo

• id: instincts, libido, ruled by the pleasure principle

• ego: functions to contact the real world; balances between impulses of id and superego’s controls

• supergo: moral branch of personality, represents ideal rather than real and strives for perfection

In psychoanalytic therapy, ________ experiences are critical; later personality development is successful only if early childhood conflicts are resolved, rather than repressed.

early

what are the 4 primary phases of psychoanalytic therapy counseling?

opening, developing, working through, resolving

what does psychonalytic therapy say about anxiety?

• signals ego to take action or it’ll be overthrown

• 3 kinds of anxiety are: real, neurotic, moral

• is controlled through the development of ego defense mechanisms

Parapraxis

an action in which one’s conscious intention is not fully carried out, as in the mislaying of objects, slips of the tongue and pen, etc. (Freudian slips)

what are some techniques of the psychoanalytic model?

• interpretation

• dream analysis (manifest and latent)

• free association (say whatever comes to mind)

• analysis of resistance

• analysis of transference

what are some criticisms of the psychoanalytic model?

• id, ego, and supergo cannot be empirically tested

• not culturally competent

• client lays on a couch

who is Little Hans?

a little boy Freud used oedipal complex and castration anxiety to explain his fears. he was afraid to go into the streets where he thought a horse might bite him.

ego-defense mechanisms

• assist in coping with anxiety and defend the ego by either denying or distorting reality.

• ex. displacement, rationalization, compensation, projection, reaction formation, denial, repression, identification, substitution, fantasy, regression, sublimation, introjection, undoing, emotional insulation, and isolation

give the overview of adlerian therapy

• believes humans are goal oriented and are motivated by social urges and a desire to overcome inferiority

• goals: develop health self-esteem, life beliefs and goals

• role: cooperative partner, mutual respect, joint responsibility

organ inferiority

authored by Adler to articulate that the need for power is a motivating force. Individuals strive for superiority or drive for perfection

in adlerian therapy, ______ _______ rather than biological urges, direct behavior.

life goals

In adlerian therapy, a person is viewed as having a ________, _________ personality

unified;integrated

in adlerian therapy, what does “Spitting in the client’s soup” mean?

the counselor states the real purpose of a behavior; the client may then continue the behavior but only with the awareness of the true motivation

In adlerian therapy, what is “paradox"?”

acting in an exaggerated way regarding a feared behavior or event; Adler was one of the first to rely on paradox as a technique

how did Jung’s analytical psychology differ from Freud’s?

• derived from Freud

• differentiated between men and women

• collective unconscious – made up of archetypes

• anima and animus

• men operate on logical/logos while women operate on intuition/eros

• used mandalas

• persona (public self) vs. shadow (repressed self)

• MBTI

Anima and Animus (Jung)

Humans have both feminine and masculine characteristics. Jung believed that society encourages men to deny their feminine side and women to deny their masculine side.

Mandalas (Jung)

concentric circular designs, to represent the relationship between himself, his clients, and his dreams. 

what does Erich Fromm believe in? (Nazi)

• humanistic psychoanalytic approach

• Humans are influenced by social and cultural forces but shape their own nature.

• Humans by nature experience isolation and alienation.

what are the 5 basic needs developed by Erich Fromm?

• relatedness

• transcendence

• rootedness

• identity

• frame of orientation

what are the 5 character types developed by Erich Fromm?

• receptive

• exploitive

• hoarding

• marketing

• productive

Erik Erikson’s developmental stage

1. early infancy (birth - 1 y.o.): basic trust vs. mistrust

2. later infancy (1-2 y.o.): autonomy vs. shame & doubt

3. early childhood (3-5 y.o.): initiative vs. guilt

4. middle childhood (6-11 y.o.): industry vs. inferiority

5. adolescence (12-20 y.o.): identity vs. role confusion

6. early childhood (20-35 y.o.): intimacy vs. isoloation

7. middle childhood (35-65 y.o.): generativity vs. stagnation

8. late childhood (65+ y.o.): integrity vs. despair

Erik Erikson believed psychosexual and psychosocial growth occurs simultaneously. true or false?

true

what are the 3 modes of experience involved in ego formation developed by Harry Stack Sullivan?

1. protaxic: infancy; the infant has no concept of time and place

2. parataxic: early childhood; the child accepts what is without questioning or evaluating and reacts on an unrealistic basis

3. syntaxic: later childhood; the child is able to evaluate his/her own thoughts and feelings against those of others and learns about relationship patterns in society

what are Sullivan’s 4 stage interview?

inception, reconnaissance, detailed inquiry, termination

what are Karen Horney’s 10 neurotic needs?

• affection/approval

• dominate partner

• restricting one’s life

• power

• exploitation of others

• prestige

• independence

• personal achievement

• personal admiration

• protection

who are the 3 major figures of existential-humanistic therapy?

abraham maslow, rollo may, and victor frankl

existential-humansitc therapy

• each person carves their own identity and their inner being is the product of their actions

• people are never isolated from or independent of the objects around them. People are engaged with the objects around them via their perceptions, moods, and feelings

• AKA “third force psychology”

what is the goal of existential-humanistic therapy?

to guide clients to greater self-awareness through exploring possibilities and by identifying factors that block awareness and freedom

how do existential-humanistic therapists view death?

one’s life is always lived with a view toward death. one’s authenticity derives from his/her ability to be aware of this. death is not seen as a negative or an evil concept but rather as something that gives meaning and lends importance to the process of life.

“Being-in-the-world” patterns

1. umwelt: grounded in the physical, human biology (eating, sleeping, etc.), and aiming at biological survival and satisfaction

2. mitwelt: interpersonal relationships in which there is sharing or encounter to prevent loneliness

3. eigenwelt: behaviors of self-awareness, self-evaulation, and self-identity, which attempt to make one’s life meaningful

phenomenology

he study of perceptual experience in its purely subjective aspect. The basis of psychology should be the scientific study of immediate experience. The objective reality of events is not denied; rather, the emphasis is on how the events are perceived and experienced.

ontology

This philosophy seeks to explain the nature of being or reality or ultimate substance (stands opposed to Phenomenology).

Rollo May

Developed existential psychotherapy in the U.S. He emphasized each person’s individuality and the need for the counselor to separate himself or herself from preconceived diagnostic categories in attempting to understand and treat the patient.

Victor Frankl

• founder of logotherapy/existential therapy

• believed there are 3 ways to discover meaning in one’s life:

  • by doing a deed (achieving something)

  • by experiencing a value (love, beauty, art, etc.)

  • by suffering

paradoxical intention

deliberately attempting to bring about a feared event and recognizing the unrealistic nature of his anxiety when the feared consequence does not happen

Dereflection

the process of changing the center of attention from oneself to an external focus

existential frustration

the discomfort and frustration coming from the inability to find meaning in one’s life

existential vacuum

having the feeling of ultimate and total meaninglessness in one’s life. it is the inner emptiness that the client feels with neurosis

noology

Frankl’s term for the study of that which is uniquely human. he felt that theology encompassed noology and that noology encompassed psychology.

noogenic neurosis

a logotherapy term referring to the frustration of the will to meaning. it’s the state or condition of the will being perpetually frustrated in its attempt to find meaning in the world.

Frankl wrote “Man’s Search for Meaning.” true or false.

true

who are some notable figures related to the existential-humanistic model?

• soren kierkegaard

• martin heidegger (phenomenology)

• jean-paul sartre (analyses through drama and literature)

• irvin yalom (group therapy)

• ludwig binswanger

• medard boss

• karl jaspers

• martin buber (“I–thou”)

who created person-centered therapy?

carl rogers

what are some other names person-centered therapy are also known as?

nondirective, client-centered, self theory

what are the three core conditions a therapist must have according to person-centered therapy?

• congruence (genuineness): the counselor is aware of and accurately expresses his or her own feelings; is authentic and genuine

• unconditional positive regard: accepts client without judgement

• accurate empathy: the counselor truly understands the thoughts and feelings of the client

out of all three core conditions of a therapist (PCT), rogers considered accurate empathy the most important. true or false.

false; it’s congruence

in person-centered therapy, the focus is ____________–on the present experience and how it is being experienced and expressed

phenomenological

what are the 8 principles of person-centered therapy?

• reflection

• active listening

• confrontation

• open-ended questions

• summarization

• clarification

• support

• reassurance

what WOULDN’T a Rogerian therapist do?

tell a client “how to think” or give a client detailed methods to achieve behavioral change

who invented gestalt therapy?

Fritz Perls

what does gestalt mean?

• personal choice and responsibility

• unified whole; different from the sum of its parts

what are the three most common gestalt concepts?

1. insight learning (wolfgang kohler)

2. zeigarnik effect (bluma zeigarnik; unfinished tasks are more readily recalled than finished tasks)

3. phi-phenomenon (wertheimer; the illusion of movement can be achieved by two or more stimuli which are not moving

what are the goals of gestalt treatment?

• to live a fuller life

• focusing on the “here and now” and confronting unfinished business

• client should take responsibility

• insight is prized

what are the 5 layers of neuroses (AKA 5 layers of onion)?

1. phony layer: not authentic, playing games, playing roles, following stereotypes

2. phobic layer: emotional pain resulting from denying parts of self is avoided; self-acceptance is resisted; fear of rejection

3. impassive layer; feeling stuck and not trusting inner resources; sense of deadness

4. implosive layer: the deadness is fully experienced, defenses are exposed, and contact with the genuine self is begun

5. explosive layer: pretenses and phony roles are abandoned; the energy previously required to maintain the pretenses is not free to be redirected

what are some significant gestalt concepts to remember?

1. awareness

2. holism: how the parts of a person fit together

3. avoidance and unfinished business

4. process of figure formation: how an aspect of the environment takes a focal role

5. placement, blocking, and usage of energy

6. contact with the environment without losing one’s sense of individuality

what are ego defenses called? what do they prevent?

called channels of resistance and they prevent effective contact (interacting with others and with nature without losing one’s sense of individuality)

what are the 5 channels of resistance (AKA ego defense mechanisms)?

1. introjection: accepting another’s beliefs or standards without analyzing and restructuring them to make them congruent to oneself

2. projection: disowning and putting on other people’s personality characteristics of self that are inconsistent with one’s self-image; reverse of introjection

3. retroflection: turning back to oneself what he/she would like to do to someone else or doing to oneself what he/she would like someone else to do to him/her

4. confluence: blurring the line between self and the environment; blending in to the point that there is now clear line between outer reality and inner experience

5. deflection: using humor, abstract generalizations, and questions rater than statements, etc. as distractions so a sustained sense of contact is avoided

confrontation, “empty chair” technique, psychodrama, staying with the feeling, exaggeration, rehearsal exercise, dream work, and “I” statements are part of gestalt therapy. true or false

true

“making the rounds”

a group exercise in which the client repeats the same words to each member adding a personalized phrase

in gestalt therapy, the counselor makes interpretations, not the client. true or false.

false. interpretations are made by the client

organismic theorist

a theorist who views developmental changes as qualitative (not empiricist: quantitative)

who did Perls work with in Germany that showed them the importance of viewing a person as a whole being rather than as a sum of separately functioning parts?

kurt goldstein

who created transactional analysis?

Eric Berne and Thomas A. Harris

what is the goal of TA?

• to assist the client in becoming a script-free, game-free, autonomous person who is capable of choosing how he/she wants to be

• therapy assists in examining early decisions and making new decisions based on awareness

what is the role of a TA counselor?

• joint, equal partner

• teacher, trainer, and resource person

• client contracts with the therapist for the specific changes desired; when the contract is completed, therapy is terminated

what are the 4 life positions of TA therapy?

1. I’m not OK–You’re OK

2. I’m not OK–You’re not OK

3. I’m OK–You’re not OK

4. I’m OK–You’re OK

I’m not OK–You’re OK

• infant’s response bc they feel inadequate/inferior

• outside world is more competent

• if this continues into later life, the person is self-abusive, self-mutilating, and often suicidal–all masochistic characteristics

I’m not OK–You’re not OK

• independence increases; stroking decreases

• this is a difficult position

• child may get stuck in this position if no growth or warmth exists

• in extreme cases, schizoid behavior, the tendency to kill another and then kill oneself may surface

I’m OK–You’re not OK

• child is continuously brutalized by parents he or she once felt were OK

• most common in adolescent delinquents and adult criminals

• distrusts everyone

• extreme cases will engage in homicidal behavior as an acceptable solution to problems in life

I’m OK–You’re OK

• conscious, rational, and verbal based on “thought, faith, and the wager of action”