17th Century European History: Climate, War, Monarchies & Reforms

What happened to the climate in Europe during the second half of the 17th century?

The climate grew colder and wetter

What were the results of the colder and wetter climate?(4)

Food shortages,

Declining health,

Population decline,

and a rising death rate

What happened as a result of the food shortages especially the food shortages of bread?

There were some riots and violence from 1650-1700

What were the two main factors in the starting of the 30 years war?

The falling apart of the Peace of Augsburg

The formation of alliances by both protestant and catholic rulers.

What were the two main reasons the Peace of Augsburg fell apart?

The peace of Augsburg had only legalized Lutheran protestants, not the Reformed protestants who were beginning to spread into the HRE.

What was the name of the Protestant alliance?

What was the name of the Catholic alliance?

The Protestant Union

The Catholic League

What specific event triggered the 30 years war?

The Defenestration of Prague

What was the Defenestration of Prague

A group of Protestant leaders in Prague threw some of Holy Roman Emperor's Representatives out of a window. The men were unharmed, but the event still started the war.

(AP ONLY) How many phases were there in the Thirty years war.

4

Don't need to know this, but they were

Bohemian

Danish

Swedish

French

(AP ONLY) What happened with France during phase 3 of the thirty years war.

The fought against the Holy Roman Empire with the Protestants, even though they were Catholic, simply because they were already at war with the HRE. France continued to Persecute Protestants within France even while fighting with them.

(AP ONLY) Who was a protestant hero during phase 3 of the 30 years war?

Gustavus Adolphus, a Swedish king.

(AP ONLY) What do we credit Gustavus Adolphus with?

Being the father of Modern Warfare, due to his use of mobile artillery.

What marked the end of the 30 years war?

The Treaty of Westphalia.

What were the four major provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia?

Legalization of Reformed and Lutheran branches of Protestantism.

Undercutting the power of the Habsburgs, by granting more power and a degree of independence to individual German states

It Recognized the Netherlands' independence

It caused the loss of 40k square miles of HRE territory

What was almost completely ended as a result of the 30 years war?

Any future religious wars in Europe.

How many people died as a result of the 30 years war?

3-11 million. This made it the bloodiest war in European history until WWI. As much as 1/3 of the urban and 40% of the rural population died as a result of the war.

What were the two main types of Monarchies in the 17th century?

Absolute Monarchy and Constitutional Monarchy.

How did absolute Monarchs justify their rule?

They justified it by using the religious theory called "the divine right of kings"

What were the ideas of the divine right of kings?

King derived his rule from God (based on OT Israel)

King was answerable only to God, not to citizens or nobles

Rex Lex, the King was the Law

Who helped king Louis XIII create his policies?

His First Minister Cardinal Richelieu

What were Louis XIII and Richelieu's three main policies?

Opposition to Habsburg rule

Suppression of protestants

Establishing a system of 32 intendants who went to French territories on behalf of the King

What do the French joke about Louis XIII(13)

That his greatest accomplishment was Louis XIV(14)

Since Louis XIV became the king at 4 who served as a ruler for France?

The first cardinal Mazarin.

What happened to make the people of France desire a strong leader.

The "Fronde" (sling) rebellion

How did Louis XIV make it known that he planned to be a powerful ruler?

He went to a ball dressed in a costume of Apollo the sun God, which gave him the name "the sun king".

Through what did Louis XIV reign?

Through tightly controlled councils of state.

What happened when Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes?

Destruction of protestant churches

Exile of protestant pastors

Closing of protestant schools

Exodus of Huguenots from France

What happened as a result of the exodus of the huguenots?

They were the business class of France so France went into economic downturn

What were the two main reasons for the building of the palace of Versailles?

To control to nobility so that they would be constantly under his supervision

To bring glory to France and to himself

What were the three main results throughout Europe as a result of the building of Versailles and its culture?

French became the Lingua Franca for Europe, replacing Latin

French fashion became the height of fashion

Many monarchs built similar palaces.

With what system did Louis XIV replace the old system of knights?

He created a standing army of 400k men, which was always available. This influenced the rest of Europe because they also began to create large standing armies.

(AP ONLY) What economic system did Louis's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert practice?

Mercantilism

(AP ONLY) What are the two main parts of mercantilism and what is the end goal?

Minimizing imports

Maximizing exports

The end goal being maximizing the gold supply in a nation's treasury (The idea being gold established a nation's economic strength)

What was the result of Louis XIV participation in the war of Spanish succession?

It nearly bankrupted France, as well as limiting French power in Europe and forcing France to give up colonial holdings in Canada. (The latter two were a result of the Treaty of Utrecht)

Who was the British hero of the war of Spanish succession?

John Churchill

Why were many people glad when Louis XIV died?

His wars, especially that of Spanish succession had put France into dire economic straits.

How had Spain grown rich in the 1500s?

Through gold both plundered and mined in the New World.

What were the six main reasons for Spanish economic downturn?

The richest, and thus most educated Spanish no longer wanted to work.

The government incurred massive debt through overspending

Inflation wrecked the economy

The inflation also caused the Spanish to be less competitive in the international playoff market

The gold and silver mines began to run out as early as the 1520s

Th leadership of the Spanish government was very economically unwise

(AP ONLY) Over which provinces did the Holy Roman Empire attempt to consolidate their power, and what was the effect of each?

Austria; successful

Bohemia; successful

Hungary; less successful due to opposition from Hungarian nobility

What did the Habsburgs do to Vienna?

They made it into a beautiful city, and even modeled the Shaun Brun palace after Versailles. They also raised a large standing army in imitation of France.

What family ruled Prussia during the 1600s?

The Hohenzollern family.

What were the three major actions taken by the Hohenzollerns?

Raising a large standing army

Making that army the most disciplined in Europe

Created an honest and efficient government Bureaucracy

What were the nobles who participated in these reforms by the hohenzollers called?

The Junkers

What was the effect of the actions of the Hohenzollerns?

became a highly militarized country.

Who was the first russian leader to take the title of czar?

Ivan the terrible.

What was the result of the combined actions of Ivan the Great (father) and Ivan the terrible (son)

They were able to drive the Mongols mostly out of Russia and greatly increased Russian territory.

Ivan the great's great nephew Michael I was the first of what family which would rule Russia for the greater part of 300 years.

The Romanov family.

Where are each of these families from

Habsburg

Romanov

Hohenzollern

Bourbon

Habsburg=Austria/HRE

Romanov=Russia

Hohenzollern=Prussia

Bourbon=France

Which family ruled each of these countries

Russia

France

Prussia

HRE/Austria

Russia=Romanov

France=Bourbon

Prussia=Hohenzollern

HRE/Austria=Habsburg

What were the military accomplishments of Peter the great of Russia?

Creation of a large standing army

Gained territory in the baltics

Required members of the nobility(boyars) to serve in the government or army for life

Settled the debate about where russia would focus expansion firmly on Europe.

What were some other accomplishments of Peter the Great?

Remade the capital st peters to be more similar to other European nations

Brought in consultants from throughout Europe to improve workings of Russia

Created universities to train the young of the Boyars

What was the purpose of the table of Ranks established by Peter the Great?

It was a system that allowed the most talented Russians to rise in the ranks of the Government, rather than just those who were related to other high ranking people.

What did Peter the Great do at the start of his being a czar?

He carried out the Great Embassy, a trip around Europe which he took to discover the best government practices.

Which two nations impressed Peter the Great the most during his Great Embassy

The Netherlands and England

What two things was the King subject to in England

The constitution and Parliament

The situation in England was not Rex Lex, but Lex Rex, meaning

The law is king

What was the original document which limited the English Monarchs' power?

The Magna Carta which had prevented the King from taking any Englishman's property without due process of law.

What three elements make up the English constitution?

Court Decisions

Governmental Tradition (How king and parliament traditionally balanced power)

Acts of Parliament

What was special about James I rule?

When he became the English king he was already the ruling monarch of Scotland.

What bible did James I authorize

KJV

How did Charles I anger the puritans and other Protestants in England?

Married a Roman Catholic French princess and refusing to call parliament into session for 11 years.

Why was Charles I forced to call parliament into session?

Parliament had the power of the purse, meaning the power to raise taxes, finances which he desperately needed to quell and scottish revolt.

What is the triennial act

It requires the king to call parliament into session every three years.

What were the two sides in the English civil war?

The royal army (cavaliers)

and the parliamentary army (roundheads)

What started the English civil war?

Relationship between parliament and Charles I deteriorated to the point where Charles eventually left for northern England to raise an army to fight parliament.

Who lead the parliamentary army?

A puritan, Oliver Cromwell

What was the situation with the government just after parliament won the war?

Parliament and the military ruled England from 1649-1653, but then the military installed a

new government called the Protectorate, which would rule from 1653-1659.

Who was the new ruler of the country, and what form of government was it?

Oliver Cromwell was the ruler, and the country was a military dictatorship, though it was a soft military dictatorship.

What economic system did cromwell follow?

Mercantilism

Cromwell granted religious freedom to all christians except which branch?

Roman Catholics

What were cromwell's other two major accomplishments/policies

Allowing jews back into England, and crushing an irish rebellion.

What caused the Protectorate to fall apart?

Oliver's son Richard was not nearly as good of a leader

Who did Parliament and the army choose to restore the Monarchy under?

Charles II who had been exiled to Europe.

What was the first act of parliament which limited religious freedom?

The Act of uniformity which made it illegal to preach if not ordained in the Church of England and made it illegal to use any form of worship other than what was found in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

What was the second act that limited religious freedom?

The test act which prevented anyone who wasn't anglican from holding any government office or attending a university.

Who succeeded Charles II

James II

What was the worry about James II

He began implementing pro catholic policies such as breaking the test act by implementing roman catholics into government positions.

What added to the anger towards James II

The fact that he had come to power the same year the edict of Nantes was revoked, which had brought with it a strong anti-roman catholic sentiment

What was the "Glorious Revolution"

The English overthrew James II because he leaned towards Catholicism.

Who succeeded James II

His daughter queen mary and her husband the duke of orange king william.

What were the fiver parts of the English bill of rights?

Freedom of speech

To petition the govt. for redress

To be free from cruel and unusual punishment

The right to jury trials

The right to bear arms