Quiz 4 Bio Lab

diversity of funghi

the only way to acheive genetic diversity is through mutations. Th e mechanisms in which species maintain genetic diversity is sexual reproduction, dispersal, and meiosis. They all have similar processes for meiosis, plasmogamy, and karygamy. Differences is how they house their spores and disperse their spores

zygomycota

zygote funghi… zygosporangium is the structure for meiosis dispersal: outer covering of zygosporangium is resistant to harsh conditions and spiky to latch onto something larger to disperse to a different location. Insects mediate dispersal

Ascomycota

phylum in the kingdom Fungi. It’s spores house in ascocarp (structure for meiosis). Dispersal: ascocarp shaped functions like a cannon. It forciably launches mature ascospores- wind dispersal or for morels they are eaten and spores are pooped out (they are not digested)

Basidiomycota

spores are housed in basidiocarp (structure for meiosis). Dispersal is animals eat the mushroom and poop out the spores. Spores are not digested. Can also be wind dispersal.

diploid

two copies of each chromosome

haploid

one copy of each chromosome

meiosis

makes distinct gametes (diploid to haploid)

mitosis

clones body cells (diploid to diploid)

haploid phase

characterized by producing gametes (gameotophyte)(sperm/eggs) via mitosis or producing spores. This stage is dominant in fungi and algae

diploid phase

spore generation (sporophyte)

phyte

denotes plant or plant like organism

sporophyte

the diploid (), multicellular phase in the life cycle of plants and algae that produces spores via meiosis, initiating the asexual phase of alternating generations. Diploid structure to haploid product

gameotophyte

gamete producing phase of plant life cycle. Haploid structure, haploid product. (until fertilization then diploid)

Haploid generation to gametophyte

gametophyte produces haploid gamete via mitosis. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote. Zygote devlops into diploid generation

diploid generation to sporophyte

zygote develops into diploid sporophyte. sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosos. Spores grow into haploid gametophyte

gametangium

(flowers) protective structure around gametes

Antheridium

male reproductive organ in plants containing/producing flagellated sperm, require water

Archegonium

female reproductive organ, produces one egg

Pollen grains

deposits sperm nuclei directly with the egg

Vascular tissue

transports water & nutrients throughout plant

Phloem

Sugar & nutrients produced in leaves → other parts of plant

Xylem

Water & dissolved minerals from roots → upper

part of plant. Comprised of tracheids (specialized cell)

Seed production adaptations

Embryonic plant with a supply of food for the embryo and

a protective coat.

○ Protective coat: Prevents desiccation and maintains right

conditions

○ Food: maintains the embryo, produce roots and shoot,

carry out photosynthesis

homosporous

one size of spore, male or female.

heterosporus

big spores that produce female gametophytes. Smaller spores that produce male gametophytes.

Microspores

haploid spores in heterosporous plants that develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains)

megaspores

haploid female spores produced in the sporangia of heterosporous plants (ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms) via meiosis from a diploid megasporocyte. They develop into female gametophytes (embryo sacs), which produce egg cells for fertilization

sori (ferns)

collections of sporangia on underside of lead. Sporangia = sacks of haploid spores

spermatozoids

(mosses and ferns), motile male reproductive cells (flagellated sperm)

monilophyta (ferns)

seedless, independent, free living gametophytes. Fertilization to zygote to sporophyte. Tracheophytes, h as tracheids (component of vascular tissue) Prefers humid enviornments, damp soils. Spermatozoids require water

Byrophyta (mosses)

Non-tracheophytes, lacks vascular tissue. low to the ground. Ideal conditions are very humid. grows in damp enviornments. Spermatozoids require water

coniferophyta (conifers)

seed tracheophytes (has vascular tissue). Sperm nuclei in pollen (not tied to wet environments, potential for dispersal. Lower requirments for humidity (compared to ferns and mosses). Gymnosperms - “naked seeds” seeds are not enclosed in ovary or fruit

tracheophytes

a group of vascular plants charecterized by the presence of specialized tissues for conducting water and nutrients

Angiosperms, Anthophyta (flowering plants)

the most diverse and successful group of land plants, characterized by producing seeds enclosed within an ovary (fruit) and developing specialized reproductive structures known as flowers

behavioral ecology

study of how the environment shapes behavior and utilizes an evolutionary approach.

CAN BROAD EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESIS EXPLAIN

BEHAVIOR

they provide a framework for understanding why animals behave in certain ways. They can help predict behavior based on evolutionary benefits.

REQUIREMENTS OF EVOLUTION THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION

variation (different traits). Heritability (traits should be passable from parent to offspring). Variable reproductive success (traits can help individuals to survive and reproduce

Reproductive Success

Evolution via natural selection favors characteristics of individuals that successfully produce and raise the most offspring. More offspring means more representation in gene pool of population

Fittness

maximise succesful reproduction

Energy limited state

animals live in an energy limited state. Must gather food to survive. Any extra energy that doesn’t go to survival is used for reproduction. Greater effiiciency of food gathering → more energy for reproduction → greater fitness

Central Place Foraging Theory

the probability of occurrence of an animal decreases with the distance to the central location (dams, hives). Selectivity for food items or foraging sites providing high net energy gain should increase with distance

Ecology

study of complex interactions between living organisms and their enviornment.

Population

a group of individuals of a particular species that live and interbreed in a particular area

Population Ecology

refers to influences of the enviornment on a population and the influences of the population on the environment, or the study of the dynamics of populations and how they interact with the environment

Demography

study of populations. Compositon, size, changes,

demographicsn = statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it

additional factors that influence population size

enviornmental stochasticity: random events/stressors. Population demographics (age distribution of population

Mark Recapture Method

method to estimate population size by catching a sample of animals, marking them (e.g., tags, paint), releasing them, and later taking a second sample to count how many are marked.

Radio Telemetry

transmitter on animal that emits signal. Signal detected by receiver and antenna. Reciever must be tuned in to specific frequency. Beeping noise frequency is related to direction. Volume is related to distance

GPS

expsensive but effective