Freud, Erikson, Kohlberg & Maslow: Developmental and Moral Theories

What are the 5 general characteristics of Freud's theory?

1) Dynamic

2) Structural

3) Geographic

4) psychoanalytical

5) psychosexual

What is the primary focus of Freud's Dynamic Approach?

Sexual energy, referred to as libido, which is linked to erogenous zones.

What are the three erogenous zones?

Oral, Anal, Genital

What are the three structures of Freud's Structural Approach?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What does the Id represent in Freud's theory?

The dark, mysterious part of personality that seeks immediate gratification of innate desires.

What is the role of the Ego in Freud's Structural Approach?

It serves as the mind's avenue to the real world, aiding in perception, logical thought, and problem-solving.

What are defense mechanisms according to Freud?

Psychological strategies used by the Ego to protect against anxiety.

Repression

Denying/forgetting danger

reaction formation

acting the opposite way from how one feels

projection

attributing unacceptable behaviors to others

Regression

returning to an earlier form of behavior

fixiation

remaining at the present level of cog. dev.

Sublimation

substituting a desired obj/person for a less desirable obj/person

compensation

making up for the failure in one area by applying oneself in another

identification

adopting the characteristics of an aggressor to make up for one's own inadequacies

displacement

retaliating against someone other than whom retaliation is required

What does the Superego represent in Freud's theory?

The moral conscience that opposes the Id and Ego, composed of the conscience (negative/punishment) and ego ideal (positive/standard of conduct).

What is the Oedipus complex in Freud's theory?

A child's sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

What are the three regions of the mind in Freud's Geographic Approach?

Unconscious, Preconscious, and Conscious/Perceptual Conscious.

Unconscious

thoughts and feelings that are repressed/unknown (ID resides here)

pre conscious

thoughts become conscious by forming mental images or linking words to form language

conscious (perceptual consicous)

what a person is aware of at any given moment

what regions fall under the psychoanalytic method of Freud's theory?

free association, dream analysis, transference

What is Free Association?

The child orally reports their ongoing stream of thought

What is Dream Analysis?

focuses on the subject's verbal reports of only their mental activities (dreams)

What is transference?

occurs when a subject has pos or neg feelings towards their therapist.

What are the stages in Freud's psychosexual method approach?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

What is the Oral stage?

Birth-1 y/o, where the libido is focused on the mouth, with pleasure derived from sucking.

What can result from fixation during the Oral stage?

Behaviors such as alcoholism, smoking, and a demanding personality.

What is the Anal stage ?

1-3 y/o, where pleasure is derived from bowel movements and toilet training.

What characteristics may develop from a difficult toilet training experience?

An anal personality, which can be overcontrolling, compulsive, and rigid.

What happens during the Phallic stage of development?

3-6 y/o, Children experience sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

Oedipus conflict: desire is repressed, adopts characteristics of the same sex parent (identification)

What happens in conflict is not resolved in the Phallic stage?

Males become impotent

Females become rigid

What is the Latency stage?

6-11 y/o, A period where libido is repressed, and children focus on school and peer activities.

What is the Genital stage?

The stage where libido reemerges, leading to attraction towards peers and mature adult sexuality.

What is the primary goal of the Genital stage?

To achieve mature adult sexuality with the biological aim of reproduction.

How does Freud suggest that earlier development influences mate selection?

Males are likely to choose mates similar to their mothers, and females to their fathers.

What is the significance of the resolution of the Oedipus complex?

It leads to the formation of the Superego and the child's identification with the same-sex parent.

What is the role of anxiety in the functioning of the Ego?

Anxiety triggers the emergence of defense mechanisms to protect the Ego.

What is the relationship between the Id, Ego, and Superego?

They are intertwined structures that interact to shape personality and behavior.

What was the main focus of Freud's case study of little Hans?

Hans experienced anxiety attacks due to a phobia of horses.

What specific fears did little Hans have regarding horses?

He was especially afraid of horses that pulled heavy loads and those that were white with black muzzles.

What did Freud identify as the three themes in Hans' fantasies?

Oedipus conflict, sibling rivalry, and fear of punishment due to masturbation.

In Freud's analysis, what did the horse represent for little Hans?

The horse represented Hans' father.

What was the significance of the large and crumpled giraffe in Hans' fantasy?

The large giraffe represented the father, and the crumpled giraffe represented the mother.

How did Hans' fear of horses relate to his feelings about his father?

His fear of the horse biting him was linked to his fear of castration due to his sexual longing for his mother.

What was the outcome of Hans resolving his Oedipus complex?

He recovered from his fear of horses and developed a healthy adult personality.

What did Erikson refer to his stages as?

Eight Ages of Man

What is the first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?

Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (birth to 2 years).

What does 'basic trust' refer to in Erikson's first stage?

Trustfulness of others and one's own trustworthiness.

What is the psychosexual modality in the first stage of Erikson's theory?

getting and giving

by taking from the mother in the external world it lays the foundation for a child to become a giver in later life

What is the second stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory?

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (2-3y/o)

What is the positive component of Erikson's second stage?

autonomy: The child's ability to do things for themselves.

What is the negative component of Erikson's second stage?

Shame: the child is self-conscious about a negative experience (burying face + fetal position)

Doubt: the unknown; what the child can't see but must try to control (bowel movements, urination)

What is the psychosocial modality of Erikson's second stage?

holding on vs letting go

What is the third stage of Erikson's theory

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 y/o)

more skill in language, moving, and handling objects

The fear of sexual impulses towards the opposite sex causes feelings of guilt

What is the psychosexual modality of Erikson's third stage?

taking initiative, forming and carrying out goals, and competing against others.

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's theory?

Industry vs inferiority (5-13 y/o)

What is the primary concern during Erikson's fifth stage, Identity vs. Identity Diffusion?

The development of a coherent psychosocial identity.

What happens if a child fails to resolve identity diffusion in Erikson's fifth stage?

They may display immaturity and an introverted personality later in life.

What is the focus of Erikson's sixth stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation?

The development of intimate relationships and solidarity.

What does 'generation' refer to in Erikson's seventh stage?

The interest in nurturing and guiding the next generation.

What is the anti-thesis of integrity in Erikson's eighth stage?

Despair, which involves regretting one's life choices.

How did Erikson's research expand on Freud's theories?

Erikson added a psychosocial dimension to Freud's psychosexual developmental theory.

What is the psychosocial modality of the first stage, Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust?

Getting and giving, referring to the child's interactions with caregivers.

What can strict toilet training during Erikson's second stage lead to?

It may influence the child to become an over-compulsive, stingy adult.

What is the significance of the Oedipus complex in Freud's analysis of little Hans?

It represents Hans' sexual feelings toward his mother and rivalry with his father.

What role does sibling rivalry play in little Hans' fears?

His anxiety about losing his mother's love due to the birth of his sister.

What is the psychosocial modality of the third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt?

Taking initiative and forming goals.

What can feelings of inferiority in Erikson's fourth stage lead to?

A sense of inadequacy and feeling that one is 'good for nothing.'

What is the psychosocial modality of the seventh stage, Generation vs. Stagnation?

Faith in the future and the ability to care for others.

What is the psychosocial modality of the eighth stage, Integrity vs. Despair?

Acceptance of one's life achievements and limitations.

What was the primary focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research?

To examine Piaget's theory of moral development through moral dilemmas.

What are the two key questions asked in Kohlberg's moral dilemmas?

(1) What should the character do? (2) Why should the character do it?

What is the first level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Preconventional Level (Premoral Level)

What characterizes the Preconventional Level of moral reasoning?

Individuals follow rules based on physical consequences (reward and punishment) and authority.

What is Stage 1 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Level?

Punishment and obedience orientation.

What is Stage 2 of Kohlberg's Preconventional Level?

Naïve instrumental orientation, where behavior satisfies individual needs.

What is the second level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Conventional Level

What characterizes the Conventional Level of moral reasoning?

Individuals conform to the expectations of others, such as family and society.

What is Stage 3 of Kohlberg's Conventional Level?

Good-Boy, Nice-Girl Orientation, where actions please others.

What is Stage 4 of Kohlberg's Conventional Level?

Law and Order Orientation, where individuals respect authority and obey laws.

What is the third level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Postconventional Level (Principle Level)

What characterizes the Postconventional Level of moral reasoning?

Individuals identify with universal moral values that transcend their own culture.

What is Stage 5 of Kohlberg's Postconventional Level?

Social Contract Orientation, where moral behavior is defined by individual rights.

What is Stage 6 of Kohlberg's Postconventional Level?

Universal Ethical Principle Orientation, based on principles of justice for all.

What is the proposed seventh stage of Kohlberg's theory?

A stage that goes beyond conventional reasoning into the Realm of Religious Faith.

What is the Social Perspective Component in Kohlberg's theory?

The point of view from which moral decisions are made, evolving from egocentric to societal.

What is the Moral Content Component in Kohlberg's theory?

Influence of personal experiences with moral situations on moral reasoning.

What is one similarity between Kohlberg's and Piaget's theories?

Both theories involve a process of accommodation in cognitive development.

What is Maslow's Hierarchical Theory of Human Needs?

A theory stating that needs are activated when deprived, motivating behavior to satisfy them.

What is the order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

What are Physiological needs according to Maslow?

Basic biological drives necessary for survival, such as food and water.

What are Safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

The need for freedom from fear and harm, both physically and psychologically.

What are Love/Belongingness needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

The desire for friendships and acceptance by others.

What are Esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

The need to develop self-respect and gain respect from others.

What is Self-Actualization in Maslow's hierarchy?

The desire to become everything one is capable of becoming.

What are Deficiency needs in Maslow's theory?

Physiological, Safety, and Love needs that must be met for healthy development.

What are Growth needs in Maslow's theory?

Esteem and Self-Actualization needs that contribute to personal potential.