6.1 Chapter 38 Sensory Biology

sensory info is conveyed to the ? & perceived in a ? step process

control nervous system; 4

step 1 of sensory info > control nervous system process

stimulus

step 2 of sensory info > control nervous system process

transduction of stimulus into receptor potential in sensory receptor

step 3 of sensory info > control nervous system process

transmission of action potential in sensory neuron

step 4 of sensory info > control nervous system process

interpretation of stimulus in control nervous system

sensory cells respond to stimuli via ? in their membrane

stimulus-gated ion channels

stimulus-gated ion channels ? depending on the sensory system involved

open or close

in most cases, a ? of the receptor cell occurs

depolarization

the depolarization of the receptor cell occuring is analogous to the ?

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

the depolarization of the receptor cell is referred to as ?

receptor potential

3 classes of receptors are

mechanoreceptors, chemorecptors, electromagentic receptors

mechnoreceptors are stimulated by ?

mechanical forces like pressure

chemoreceptors detect ?

chemicals or chemical changes

electromagnetic receptors react to ?

heat & light energy

cutaneous receptors are in the ?, respond to stimuli at the border between ?, and are receptors for

skin; internal & external environments; pain, heat, cold, touch & pressure

nociceptors transmit impuslses percieved as ?, are senstive to ?, most consist of ? located throughout the body espcially near ?

pain (nocic=pain); noxious substances & tissue damage; free nerve endings; surfaces

nociceptors have ? ion channels, like 1 that responds to capsaicin in peppers (sensation of heat and pain)

transient receptor potential (TRP)

thermoreceptors have naked ? of sensory neurons that are sensitive to changes in ?, they contain ? ion channels that are responsive to ?

dendritic endings; temp; TRP; hot & cold

mechanoreceptors in the skin detect the sense of touch and contain ? with ion channels that open in response to ?

sensory cells; membrane distortions

2 types of mechanoreceptors in skin are ?

phasic & tonic

phasic skin mechanorecptors are ? activated, like ?, ?, and ?. like a doorbell ?

intermittently; hair foccile receptors, meissener corpuscles, and pacinion corpuscles; 1 ding

tonic skin mechanorecptors are ? activated, like ?,and ?. like a doorbell ?

continuously; ruffini corpuscles and merkel’s disks; continous ring

proprioceptors monitor ? and provide info about the relative ? of animal’s body parts

muscle length & tension; position or movement (proprius=own)

examples of proprioceptors ? = monitior stretch on muscle (receptors that lie in parallel w muscle fibers > knee jerk reflex) & ? = monitior tension on tendons (reflex inhibits motor neurons > prevents damage to tendon)

muscle spindles & golgi tendon; info on length of muscles and tension of tendons = interpretting the angle & postioning of all joints in body at any given time

baroreceptors monitior ?, located at ?, detect ? in the walls of these blood vessels

blood pressure; carotid sinus & aortic arch; tension or stretch

if blood pressure decreases the frequency of impulses produced by baroreceptors ? which results in ? heart rate and ?

decreases; increased; vasoconstriction

depth of mechnorecptors ?

merkle cell - tonic

messiner corpsucle - phasic

ruffini corpsucle - tonic

pacinian corpsucle - phasic