biology

cell

a group of organelles working together to perform the same function

tissue

a group of similar cells working together to perform the same function

organ

a group of similar tissues working together to perform the same function

organ system

a group of similar organs working together to perform the same function

nucleus

the nucleus controls the activities of a cell (think of it as the brain)

mitochondria

the site of aerobic respiration where energy is released

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

cytoplasm

where chemical reactions occur

cell wall

protects and supports the cell

vacuole

filled with cell sap, minerals and dissolved sugars

chloroplast

where photosynthesis occurs

MRS.H.GREN

movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

what does homeostasis do

maintain a steady internal environment (so enzymes can have a steady optimum temperature)

eg) hair erector muscles in cold contains will act as an insulator and contract meaning the hair will stand up. The capillary loops in rheumatoid arthritis dermis the blood with flow through these loops radiating heat. Too hot: arterioles- capillary loops will dilate (widen) which increases blood flow to the skins surface

excretion

the removal of metabolic waste sweat=skin CO2=lungs urea=kidneys

information about viruses plus example

non living cell they don’t follow MRSHGREN there is a protein coat then in middle is DNA. An example is tobacco mosaic virus causing discoloration to leaves meaning less photosynthesis occurs

eukaryotes

contains membrane bound organelles: nucleus, mitochondria eg: plant, fungi, animal cells

prokaryotes

doesn’t contains membrane bound organelles: nucleus, mitochondria eg:bacteria cells

what are carbohydrates stored as in animal, plant and fungi cells

animals and plants: glycogen plants:starch

what are lipids and what elements are they made up of.

they are fats and made up of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. a lipid molecule is made up of 3 fatty acids and glycerol.

how to do test for lipids

add ethanol into the sample then add water shake them together and if a milky white emulsion appears this shows lipids are visible

what are proteins made from

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. they are long chains of amino acids.

how do u test for protein

add biuret if theres no protein present a blue color will appear if it turn purple protein is present. (enzymes are protein)

what are carbohydrates made from

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. eg of a carbohydrate is glucose

how to u test for glucose

add Benedicts to your sample and heat it in a water bath. Colours: blue indicates no glucose is present and brick red shows glucose is present.

how to test for the carbohydrate starch

add iodine into the sample. if no starch is present brown will appear but if starch is present a blue black color will appear.

what is metabolism

the rate at which chemical reactions take place in our cells

what are enzymes

biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reaction without being used (they can be used multiply times)

substrate

a substance which binds to an enzyme

active site

the place on the enzyme where the substrate binds

denature

enzymes active site changes and the substrate can no longer bind

what does increasing the temperature do to the enzyme

increase in kinetic energy meaning collisions occur more frequently causing more enzyme substrate complexes to be formed as the enzymes are working at its highest rate called the optimum temperature. if the temperature increase above the optimum temperature it can denature.

PH levels for enzymes

the optimum ph level is 7 if it goes to high or too long it can denature