23.7 Urine Storage and Elimination

ureters

muscular tubes extending from kidneys to bladder; composed of adventitia, smooth muscle muscularis, and transitional epithelium mucosa; narrow lumen easily obstructed by stones

urinary bladder

muscular sac on floor of pelvic cavity; has three layers, smooth muscle detrusor/muscularis, transitional epithelium mucosa, and rugae

trigone of bladder

smooth triangular area marked by opening of two ureters and urethra

umbrella cells

on surface of bladder mucosa and protect it from acidity of urine

rugae

conspicuous wrinkle in empty bladder

renal calculus (kidney stones)

hard granule of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, or a magnesium salt called struvite; form in renal pelvis and usually small enough to pass unnoticed in urine

urethra

tube that conveys urine out of the body; female is smaller than male

male urethral tissue

pseudostratified epithelium near for most of its length and stratified squamous near external orifice

cystitis

infection of the urinary bladder, especially common in females, and frequently triggered by sexual intercourse

pyelitis

infection of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

infection that reaches the cortex and the nephrons

pudendal nerve

what nerve supplies to external sphincter allowing for voluntary control during urination?

S2-S4, sympathetic nervous system

what vertebral nerves control urinary bladder/detrusor and internal sphincter, and what NS are they apart of?

micturition

the act of urinating; partially controlled by reflex of the same name

pons

micturition center, controls voluntary and involuntary processes of urination

renal insufficiency

a state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to the extensive destruction of their nephrons; a person can survive with as little as 1/3 of one kidney

hemodialysis

procedure for artificially clearing wastes from the blood