1406 Spotter Prep

Haematology, Microbio, immuno, chem & anatomical path

what is plasma?

fluid component WITH clotting factors (obtained in a tube with anticoagulant, e.g. EDTA, citrate, heparin)

what is serum?

fluid component WITHOUT clotting factors (blood is allowed to clot first, then spun).

Give examples of plasma proteins

• Albumin (chemistry/oncotic pressure)

• Immunoglobulins (immunology)

• Coagulation factors (haematology)

• Complement (immunology)

Purple/Lavender

Name: EDTA

Additive: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) (anticoagulant)

Used for: CBC/FBC — preserves cell morphology

Pink

Additive: Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) (Anticoagulant)

Used for: Whole blood for transfusion lab

Light Blue

Name: Sodium citrate

Additive: 3.2% Sodium citrate (anticoagulant)

Test used for: Coagulation tests

Red

Additive: No additive, no anticoagulant

Test used for: Immunology, serological examination

Gold

Name: Serum separating tube

Additive: Serum Separating Gel & clot activator

Test used for: All biochemistry test

Light green

Name: Heparin Tube

Additive: Sodium heparin or lithium heparin (anticoagulant)

Test used for: chromosome testing, HLA typing, ammonia, lactate, prevent clotting

Grey

Name: Sodium fluoride

Additive: sodium fluoride (glycolysis inhibitor)

potassium oxalate (anticoagulant)

Test used for: Glucose, lactate testing

Yellow

Name: acid- citrate- dextrose (anticoagulant)

Test used for: Tissue typing, DNA studies, HIV cultures

test name abbriv: Hb

Full name: haemoglobin

Measurement: haemoglobin conc in whole blood

RCC

Red Cell Count- number of red cells

Hct

haematocrit- proportion of red cells in the whole blood volume

MCV

Mean Corpuscular Volume- the average size of the red cells

MCH

Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin- the avg amt of haemo per red cell

WCC

White cell count

number of white blood cells

Plt

Platelets

number of platelets

State the morphology and function

Platelets (thrombocytes)

• Small cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

• Anucleate

• Contain granules

• Contains clotting factors

• Primary haemostasis: Blood clotting • Wound healing

What drug affect platelets?

aspirin (given to prevent clotting) → risk of bleeding.

neutrophil (WBC)

Pinkish, pink-blue, Antimicrobial granules Primary azurophilic granules: acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, lysozymes, defensins, proteases.

Secondary (Specific granules): lactoferrin Tertiary granules : gelatinase

3-5 lobes

function: Phagocytes. Kills bacteria

Oxygen independent: granules

Oxygen dependent: free radicals

Eosinophil (WBC)

Bright orange

Contain potent granules Eg eosinophilic peroxidase

2 lobes, often no more than 3

function: Kills parasites. Modulation of Type I reactions eg allergies

BASOPHIL (WBC)

Dark purple, blackish Contain histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

usually 2 lobes

function: Involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

Lymphocyte (WBC: Agranulocytes)

Nil granules

Nil lobes

function; Immunity

B cells, T cells, NK cells -B cells involved in humoral immunity -Mature to plasma cells which produce Ig -T cells: CD4+, CD8+

MONOCYTE (WBC: agranulocytes)

Granules:

• Nil

• Abundant cytoplasm

• Sometimes contains vacuoles

Lobes:-Larger than lymphocyte

-Variable shape nucleus: eg Oval or indented

Function:

• Migrate to tissues and change name to different macrophages:

• -Histiocyte, Kupfer cell, osteocyte/osteoblast, astrocyte etc -Specific function depends on tissue type

• removal of aged/dead/foreign cells/materials

• defense and elimination of micro-organisms eg fungi, intracellular organisms eg mycobacterium

• immune system: antigen processing and presentation -Inflammatory processes

RBC

• Anucleate, biconcave disc

• Shape : (BICONCAVE DISK)

• Red blood antigens:

-Blood groups

-Gr A- A antigen, Group B – B antigen, etc

• Life span 120 days

• Beta globin chain

• Point mutation

Chromosome 11

Valine for glutamic acid

Position 6

• Abnormal Haemoglobin (quality)

Hereditary Spherocytosis

• Abnormal RBC membrane proteins • Eg Deficiency in spectrin • Hereditary Spherocytosis