PURCOM FINALS

COMMUNICATION AIDS

Help people communicate more clearly with others.

1. Text-based (words, leLers)

2. Symbol-based(pictures, icons)

3. Electronic (soNware or devices

Communication aids can be

They help presenters:

✅ Highlight key points

✅ Make ideas easier to understand

✅ Capture and maintain aLen:on

WHY USE COMMUNICATION AIDS?

1. Powerpoint

2. Prezi

3. Slideshare

4. Brainshark

5. TED.com

There are a number of communica:on aids available for you to use to enhance your presenta:on.

1. Artefacts or props

2. Charts

3. Drawings

4. Flip Chart

5. Graphs

6. Models

7. Multimedia presentations

8. Objects

9. Paper Handouts

10. Photographs

11. Powerpoint

12. The speaker

13. Transparencies

14. Video

15. Black/White Board

DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMMUNICATION AIDS

Artefacts or props

Real-life objects brought into a presenta:on to demonstrate or show how something works

Charts

Visuals that organize and summarize large amounts of informa:on into simpler, easy-to-read formats.

Drawings

Illustrations, sketches, and visual outlines used to explain ideas, processes, or structures clearly.

Flip Chart

Is a large pad of paper on a stand used to record ideas or show points one page at a :me during a presenta:on.

Graphs

Visual representation of numerical data used to show trends, rela:onships, and comparisons.

Graphs

3D representation of objects that are too large, small, or unavailable to show in their real form.

Models

3D representation of objects that are too large, small, or unavailable to show in their real form.

Multimedia Presenta:ons

Allow you to integrate a variety of visual aids including charts, maps, photographs, and video-in the same talk.

Objects

Any physical items used to support a message, similar to props, oNen used in demonstra:ons.

Paper Handouts

Printed materials given to the audience containing detailed informa:on or supplementary content.

Photographs

Images used to provide realis:c visual examples of the topic being used.

Powerpoint

Digital slide presenta:ons that display text, images, and mul:media to guide a speaker's key points.

The Speaker

Use of gestures, facial expressions, and movements to emphasize ideas and demonstrate ac:ons.

Transparencies

Printed visuals shown through an overhead projector to display informa:on in front of an audience.

Video

Short clips or recordings used to show real mo:on, processes, or events that are difficult to describe verbally

White/Black Board

A writing surface used to explain informa:on stepby-step, illustrate concepts, and highlight key terms.

Communication

Is the process of passing informa:on from one person to another.

1. To inform

2. To instruct

3. To entertain

4. To persuade

FOUR BASIC PURPOSE OF SPEECHES

To inform

share knowledge or facts.

To instruct

teach or explain how to do something

To Entertain

make the audience enjoy and relax

To Persuade

convince the audience to believe or do something.

1. Informative Speech

2. Persuasive Speech

3. Argumentative Speech

4. Entertaining Speech

5. Inspirational Speech

TYPES OF SPEECHES

Informative Speech

Is one in which the speaker relays knowledge to an audience on a specific topic. There are four dis:nct categories of topic : Things, People, Places, Methods, Events, Ideas

1. Speeches about objects

2. Speeches about processes

3. Speeches about events

4. Speeches about concepts

FOUR CATEGORIES OF SPEECH

Pursuasive Speech

A speech that aims to convince the audience to change their thoughts, ac:ons, or actudes by presen:ng a specific point of view. Unlike coercion, persuasion respects freedom of choice and influences through reasoning and communica:on rather than force or harm.

Argumentative Speech

A speech that aims to change the audience's opinions on a controversial topic by presen:ng a problem, suppor:ng it with facts, and offering a solu:on. It should rely on evidence rather than emo:on and remain unbiased throughout.

1. Appeal to reason

2. Appeal to entertain

3. Appeal to character

TYPES OF APPEAL

Appeal to reason

Uses logic and common ground to explain ideas

Appeal to entertain

connects with audience's beliefs and feelings

Appeal to Character

Appeals to morals, jus:ce, and fairness.

Entertaining Speech

Is designed to make the audience relax, smile and enjoy the occasion. It focuses on amusing and engaging listeners while following a central theme. Rather than relying only on jokes, it uses humor, stories , or observa:ons to create lighthearted moments that let people escape from the stress of everyday life.

1. Crows pleaser

2. Hold attention

PURPOSE OF ENTERTAINING SPEECH

Inspirational Speech

A speech that aims to motivate and upliN the audience by promo:ng posi:ve values and confidence. It uses real-life or faith-based stories from famous or ordinary people to inspire success, encouraging listeners to believe in themselves and pursue their goals with determina:on.

1. Optimism

2. Achievable Goals

3. Passion

4. Confidence

THE MAIN ELEMENTS TO WRITING AN INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH

1. Acceptance Speech

2. Anniversary Speech

3. Birthday Speech

4. Commencement Speech

5. Demonstrative Speech

6. Entertaining Speech

7. Eulogy

8. Farewell Speech

9. Graduation Speech

10. Impromptu Speech

11. Informative Speech

12. Inspirational Speech

13. Introduction Speech

14. Motivational Speech

15. Persuasive Speech

16. Retirement Speech

17. Toast

18. Tribute Speech

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Acceptance Speech

Given when receiving an award; expresses gra:tude and apprecia:on to those who supported the speaker

Anniversary Speech

Congratulates a couple on their milestone; informal, sharing memories and well-wishes.

Birthday Speech

Delivered by or for the celebrant; informal, includes gree:ngs and toasts.

Commencement Speech

Given during gradua:on ceremonies by a notable figure; inspires and congratulates graduates.

Demonstra:ve Speech

Shows how to do something using visuals and stepby-step guidance.

Entertaining Speech

Aims to amuse the audience with humor, stories, and enjoyable content.

Eulogy

Delivered at funerals to honor the deceased by sharing memories and expressing loss and apprecia:on.

Farewell Speech

Giving for someone Leaving; expresses gra:tude, memories, and best wishes.

Gradua:on Speech

Delivered by a student at gradua:on; reflects on memories and looks toward the future.

Impromptu Speech

Given with little or no prepara:on; tests quick thinking and communica:on skills.

Informa:ve Speech

Educates the audience about a topic using facts and data.

Inspira:onal Speech

Encourages self-belief and confidence through upliNing stories and posi:ve messages.

Introduc:on Speech

Introduces another speaker and their topic to the audience.

Memorized Speech

Written and memorized word-for-word; delivered without notes.

Mo:va:onal Speech

Inspires the audience to take ac:on or adopt a new mindset.

Persuasive Speech

Convinces the audience to accept a viewpoint or take a specific ac:on.

Re:rement Speech

Given upon leaving work; reflects on achievements and expresses gra:tude.

Toast

A short speech with a raised glass to honor a person or event.

Tribute Speech

Honors and praises someone (Living or deceased) for their contribu:ons or character.

COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

It is essential that you always place emphasis on communica:on skills in the workplace. By consistently striving to improve your skills in this area, you will be able to successfully establish strong business rela:onships with those that you work with.

1. Visual Communication

2. Written Communication

3. Verbal Communication

4. Non-Verbal Communication

FOUR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY

Visual Communication

It is common to incorporate visual communica:on in order to share ideas that relate to the business, provide informa:on to those that work in the company, and to outline specific points that need to be emphasized for the success of the business

WriLen Communication

This form of communica:on involves either wri:ng or typing out information, facts, figures, and other types of necessary informa:on in order to express ideas among those in a business.

1. It is a permanent means of communica:on.

2. Useful where record maintenance is required.

3. It assists in proper delega:on of responsibili:es.

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

1. Written communica:on does not save upon the costs.

2. Too much paperwork and e-mails burden is involved.

3. Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate.

DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Is a core component when it comes to the overall success of a business. Means that certain sounds, specific languages, and the spoken word may be used. In today's world, there is a large diversity of individuals that make up the standard workforce.

1. There is a high level of understanding and transparency in oral communica:on

2. There is no element of rigidity in oral communica:on.

3. The feedback is spontaneous

ADVANTAGES of Verbal Communication

1. Oral communica:on is less authentic

2. Oral communica:on is :me-saving

3. Oral communica:ons are not easy to maintain

DISADVANTAGES of Verbal Communication

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

When this occurs, it means that a physical manner of communica:on is being used to share ideas and meanings among others.

1. Kinesics

2. Oculesics

3. Haptics

4. Proxemics

5. Chronemics

6. Paralinguistics

7. Physical Appearance

THE COMPONENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION ARE:

KINESICS

It is the study of facial expressions, postures & gestures.

OCULESICS

It is the study of the role of eye contact in nonverbal communica:on.

HAPTICS

It is the study of touching.

PROXEMICS

It is the study of measurable distance between people as they interact.

CHRONEMICS

It is the study of the use of :me in non-verbal communica:on.

PARALINGUISTICS

It is the study of varia:ons in pitch, speed, volume, and pauses to convey meaning.

PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Your physical appearance always contributes towards how people perceive you.

1. Downward

2. Upward

3. Lateral

4. Diagonal

5. External

What are the COMMUNICATION FLOWS in Non-Verbal Communication?

DOWNWARD FLOW OF COMMUNICATION

Communica:on that flows from a higher level in an organiza:on to a lower level.

UPWARD FLOW OF COMMUNICATION

Communica:on that flows to a higher level in an organiza:on is called __________. It provides feedback on how well the organiza:on is func:oning.

LATERAL / HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION

Communica:on that takes place at the same levels of hierarchy in an organiza:on is called

DIAGONAL COMMUNICATION

Communica:on that takes place between a manager and employees of other workgroups is called

EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

Communica:on that takes place between a manager and external groups such as suppliers, vendors, banks, financial ins:tutes etc.

Research

Is defined as a human ac:vity based on intellectual applica:on in inves:ga:on of maLer.

Rechercher - to search or investigate throughly

The word research is derived from the French

Waltz and Bausell, 1981

Research is a systema:c, formal, rigorous, and precise process employed to gain solu:ons to problems and/or to discover and interpret new facts and rela:onships

Payton, 1979

Research is the process of looking for a specific answer to a specific ques:on in an organized, objec:ve, and reliable way

Kerlinger, 1973

Research is the systema:c, controlled, empirical, and cri:cal inves:ga:on of hypothe:cal proposi:ons about the presumed rela:ons among natural phenomena

Sell:z, et al., 1979

Research is to search again, to take another more careful look, to find our more

Leedy, 1974

Research is a systema:c quest for undiscovered truth

Tuckman, 1972

Research is a systema:c aLempt to provide answers to ques:ons

Historical Research

Qualita:ve research

Descrip:ve Research

Correla:onal Research

Causal-compara:ve research

Experimental Research

Ac:on Research

Applied Research

Basic Research

Clinical Trials

Epidemiological research

Evalua:on research

Literature Review

TYPES OF RESEARCH

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

It is involved with the study of past events. It is the cri:cal inves:ga:on of events, developments, and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of informa:on on the past and the interpreta:on of the weighed evidence.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

It is also referred to as ethnographic research, and is involved in the study of current events rather than past events.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

It involves collec:ng data in order to test hypotheses or answer ques:ons regarding the subjects of the study.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

It aLempts to determine whether and as to what degree, a rela:onship exists between two or more quan:fiable (numerical) variables.

CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

It aLempts to establish cause-effect rela:onships among the variables of the study. The aLempt is to establish that the values of the independent variable have a significant effect on the dependent variable.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

It is like causal-compara:ve research aLempts to establish cause-effect rela:onship among the groups of subjects that make up the independent variable of the study, but in the case of experimental research, the cause (the independent variable) is under the control of the experimenter

ACTION RESEARCH

It is a methodology that combines ac:on and research to examine specific ques:ons, issues, or phenomena through observa:on and reflec:on, and deliberate interven:on to improve prac:ce.