bio ch 53 (.1, .2, .3)

competition

when two organisms fight over a limited resource such as food, water, space, mates, light

intraspecific competition

when two organisms of the SAME species compete for the same resources

interspecific competition

when two DIFFERENT species are in competition for the same resources

competitive exclusion principle

the local elimination of one of the two competing species

ecological niche

the total of an organism's use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment (or, DON'T USE THIS DEFINITION: an organism's job/role in its environment)

occupy the same niche

two species cannot...

resource partitioning

the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species

sympatric population

new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the SAME geographic region (s stands for...)

sympatric, allopatric

characteristics are more lively to be different in _________ populations of two species than in __________ populations of the same two species

allopatric population

geographic speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated from each other to an extent that prevents/interferes with genetic interchange

predation

a +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey (victim)

cryptic coloration

when an animal is camouflaged by its coloring

aposematic coloration

when a poisonous animal is brightly colored as a warning to other animals - the animal is posing

batesian mimicry

when a HARMLESS animal has evolved to mimic the coloration of a poisonous model animal

mullerian minicry (NOT MUNERIAN sorry guys i cant read my own handwriting)

when two bad tasting (one poisonous, one bad tasting ??? but idk) species resemble each other so that predators will learn to avoid both of them equally

herbivory

a +/- relation in which a herbivore eats parts of a plant/algae

parasitism

+/- symbiotic relationship where parasite derives nourishment from host which is harmed in the process

disease

a disorder of structure/function in an organism, especially one that produces specific symptoms in a specific location (and it's not simply a physical injury)

mutualism

interspecific interaction that benefits both species (+/+, symbiotic)

flowers

example of mutualism (bees and...)

ants

example of mutualism (acacia tree and...)

commensalism

an interaction (+/neutral) between species that benefits one and neither helps nor harms the other

species diversity

the number of species (species richness) and relative abundance of species in a biological community

species richness

the total number of different species within a community

relative abundance

differences in the abundance of different species within a community

trophic structure

the feeding relationships between organisms

food chain

the transfer of food energy up trophic levels from its source in plants

autotrophs

make organic from inorganic

heterotrophs

consume other organisms to obtain organic compounds

90%

how much energy is lost from one trophic level to the next?

10%

how much energy is available from one trophic level to the next?

no

is the sun a trophic level?

.01%

in a food chain with five organisms, how much energy is left at the last level?

decomposers

what links all trophic levels?

energetic hypothesis

what hypothesis says that the length of the food chain is limited by inefficiency of energy transfer (what we think is correct)?

dynamic stability hypothesis

what hypothesis says that long food chains are less stable than short ones (probably not correct)?

dominant species

species in a community that are most abundant or have the highest biomass

biomass

total dry organic content of an organism (so not water)

keystone species

species that exert strong control over community structure, not necessarily numerically but through pivotal ecological roles

facilitators/ecosystem engineers

a species that has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of other species in a community, and contributes to community structure, such as beavers

down

if plant population goes down, herbivore population will go down, then carnivore population will go... (bottom up model)

down

if the carnivore population goes down, herbivore population will go up, and plant population will go... (top down model)

disturbance

an event that changes a community

ecological succession

change in species diversity/composition over time

primary succession

a type of ecological succession that occurs in a virtually lifeless area, originally no organisms, originally no soil

secondary succession

occurs when an existing community has been cleared

primary

starting with bare rocks because of something like a volcanic eruption is an example of _______ succession

primary

lacking soil is an example of _______ succession

secondary

occurring after an event such as fire, storms, farming, logging, and mining would be an example of _______ succession

secondary

having soil present would be an example of ________ succession

primary

not having a seedbank (soil/place that holds seeds) would be an example of ______ succession

primary

which type of succession happens slower?

secondary

which type of succession happens faster?

secondary

having a seedbank would be a characteristic of which type of succession?

secondary

having pioneer species (first plants to get there) of weeds and grass would be a feature of __________ succession

primary

having pioneer species (first plants to get there) of lichen and moss, which are acidic and break rocks into soil, would be a feature of ________ succession

primary

which type of succession starts with bare rock, then has lichen and moss, and THEN has weeds and grass and everything else?

secondary

which type of succession starts with soil and then has weeds/grass and everything else?

disturbances

fires, hurricanes, floods, logging, farming, and humans are examples of...

perrennials

in succession (both types) it goes weeds/grasses, annuals, and then...

shade tolerant

what is the last thing in succession? (after shade intolerant)

lichen/moss

what comes after bare rock in primary succession?