Unit 3 Exam

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

Contracts

What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

Expands

What happens to lung volume during inspiration?

Increases

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

Decreases

What direction does air move during inspiration?

Into the lungs

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

Relaxes

What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?

Shrinks

What happens to lung volume during expiration?

Decreases

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

Increases

What direction does air move during expiration?

Out of the lungs

When lung pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, what happens?

Air enters the lungs

When lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, what happens?

Air exits the lungs

Big chest = ?

Low pressure = air enters

Small chest = ?

High pressure = air exits

What is the relationship between volume and pressure according to Boyle's Law?

They move in opposite directions

If volume increases, what happens to pressure?

Pressure decreases

If volume decreases, what happens to pressure?

Pressure increases

Which law explains how breathing works?

Boyle's Law

What happens to pressure when lung volume increases?

Pressure decreases

In the lungs, oxygen moves from where to where?

Alveoli to blood

In the lungs, carbon dioxide moves from where to where?

Blood to alveoli

In the tissues, oxygen moves from where to where?

Blood to cells

In the tissues, carbon dioxide moves from where to where?

Cells to blood

At the lungs, oxygen does what?

Enters the blood

At the lungs, carbon dioxide does what?

Leaves the blood

What percentage of oxygen is attached to hemoglobin?

98.5%

What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

1.5%

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate?

70%

What percentage of carbon dioxide is attached to hemoglobin?

23%

What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma?

7%

What is the major transport form of oxygen?

Attached to hemoglobin

What is the major transport form of carbon dioxide?

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Medulla

What do central chemoreceptors mainly respond to?

CO2 and H+

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Carotid arteries and aortic arch

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

O2, CO2, and H+

What is the biggest driver of breathing?

CO2

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Too much CO2

What happens to H+ during respiratory acidosis?

Increases

What happens to pH during respiratory acidosis?

Decreases

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Too little CO2

What happens to H+ during respiratory alkalosis?

Decreases

What happens to pH during respiratory alkalosis?

Increases

CO2 increases = ?

pH decreases

CO2 decreases = ?

pH increases

What is tidal volume (TV)?

Normal breath (~500 mL)

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Maximum inhale (~3000 mL)

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Maximum exhale (~1100 mL)

What is residual volume (RV)?

Air remaining after maximal exhalation (~1200 mL)

Formula for inspiratory capacity (IC)?

TV + IRV

Formula for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

ERV + RV

Formula for vital capacity (VC)?

IRV + TV + ERV

What is vital capacity?

Amount of exchangeable air

Formula for total lung capacity (TLC)?

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

What is total lung capacity?

Maximum amount of air in the lungs

What structures make up the conducting zone?

Nose to terminal bronchioles

Function of the conducting zone?

Move air

Does gas exchange occur in the conducting zone?

No

What structures make up the respiratory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Function of the respiratory zone?

Gas exchange

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?

Trachea and bronchi

Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Moves mucus upward

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Alveoli

Function of simple squamous epithelium?

Gas exchange

Function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection

What happens when Ppul is less than Patm?

Air enters lungs

What happens when Ppul is greater than Patm?

Air exits lungs

What happens when Ppul equals Patm?

No airflow

Which respiratory center establishes the basic breathing rhythm?

VRG

Function of the DRG?

Modifies breathing rhythm

Function of the pons in respiration?

Smooth transition between inhalation and exhalation

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin carrying oxygen

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Hemoglobin without oxygen

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?

4

What characterizes asthma?

Airway constriction and mucus production

What is a major effect of tuberculosis?

Scarring and damage to lung tissue

What is atelectasis?

Lung collapse

What is hypoxia?

Low oxygen

What is anoxia?

No oxygen

What is eupnea?

Normal breathing

What is apnea?

No breathing

What is dyspnea?

Difficult breathing

What happens during hyperventilation?

Too much CO2 lost

What happens during hypoventilation?

CO2 retained

What is hyperpnea?

Increased depth and rate of breathing during activity

Where does oxygen diffuse in the lungs?

Alveoli to blood