CHEM2311 Exam 1

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract electrons through a covalent bond, or how much an atom likes electrons

what is the pneumonic for order of electronegativity (most to least)

FONClBrISCH

what do bonds indicate

the sharing of electrons

covalent bond

• between nonmetals and nonmetals

• have similar electronegativity so octed is achieved through electron sharing (bonds)

polar covalent bond

• occur when some difference in electronegativity of atoms

• uneven sharing

bonding pattern for carbon

4 bonds, 0 lone pairs

bonding pattern for Nitrogen

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

bonding pattern for oxygen

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

bonding pattern for halogens

1 bond, 3 lone pairs

2 e- groups

linear, 180

3 e- groups

trigonal planar, 120

4e- groups

tetrahedral, 109.5

valence bond theory

electrons exist in orbitals and bonding occurs when electron orbitals overlap

hybrid orbitals

are only formed in covalently bonded atoms and are created through the combination of atomic orbitals

formal charge

valence e- - sticks - dots

electrons have wave-like behavior and therefore can have the same or different

phases

sigma bonds are created when s or hybrid orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) orbitals overlap head to head