Physio week 1

levels of organization

chemicals, cells, tissues, organ, system, organism

chemicals

make organelles through ions and molecules for homeostatic control between cells

cells

make up tissues

tissue

many cells that work together to make organ

organ

many tissue types that have chemical and electric communication for common function

system

several organs

organism

interaction, communication, regulation of many systems to maintain homeostasis

4 themes

homeostasis, energy, structure function, communication

homeostasis

balance in processes within a range (due to entropy) towards a set point

energy

use atp from glucose of aerobic respiration, stored energy in bonds and conc gradients, pe and ke

structure function

structure determines function, controls molecular interactions, compartmentation, mechanical properties of cells, tissues, organs

communication

chemical and electrical signals

system with largest impact on body

cardiovascular system

smallest compartmentalization system

separation of ecf and icf

ecf compartments

isf and plasma

isf component

plasma, not in heart

control system

input signal, integrating center, output signal, response

input signal

stimulus, cytokine or ligand

controller

receptor, cns, or gland, gets stimulus and starts changes

output signal

signal that goes to last cells and promotes response

inducer

promotes change or increases response

repressor

inhibits change or decreases response

set point

within normal range that homeostasis range oscillates around

negative feedback loop

decreases function in response to stimulus, most common

positive feedback loop

increase function till stimulus is removed, rarer

receptors

intercellular or in plasma

mole

6.01×10 23

molarity

moles of substance in 1L of solution

osmolarity

total concentration of particles in a solution

normal osmolarity

300 mOsm

tonicity

water moves in or out of cell, changing shape, not countable, only affects solution not cell, happens after osmolarity is measured

glucose

doesn’t dissociate

hydrostatic pressure

pressure in vessel, main force of diffusion, pushes solutes and fluid out of vessel

osmotic pressure

causes water to move into vessel

non organic molecule in body

water

carbs

polar or non polar

lipids

non polar, freely permeate

nucleic acids

polar or non polar

proteins

mostly polar

cell membrane

lipids diffuse, water soluble use carrier or channelw

water diffusion into cell

via aquaporins, diffuse slowly through osmosis

gases

move freely though cell membrane

ions

move into cell based on channels

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hyper osmotic

has higher amount of solutes

hypoosmotic

has lower amount of solutes

hypertonic cell

low water, high solute

hypertonic solution

high water, low solute

hypotonic cell

high water, low solute

hypotonic solution

high solute, low waterfa

affect protein binding

receptor specificity, affinity, isoforms, activation, modulation

affinity

preference for a ligand

isoform

2 or more ligands compete, can agonistic (same response) or antagonistic (different response)

activation

cofactors can bind to receptors to activate or inhibit receptor, or cause lysis making receptor nonfunctional

modulation

cofactors or enzymes bind to receptors to determine speed of activation

competitive inhibition

cofactor doesn’t allow ligand binding

allosteric modulators

change binding site causing activation or inhibition

factors that affect protein activity and binding

temperature, ph, conc of protein, conc of ligand, maximum reaction rate

temperature

warmer causes more reaction, can cause denaturing, cold decreases activity

ph

can work better in acidic or alkaline

up regulation

more receptors

down regulation

lysis of receptors

max reaction rate

all receptors are being used, max saturation so reached max activity/transport

nervous tissue

neuron and neuroglia cells, neuron sends sensory info to cns to effector

axon hillock

epsps and ipsps affect graded potential, reach threshold here

2nd law of thermodynamics

entropy is increasing

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

chemical work

making and breaking bonds to make or breaks molecules, done by enzymes

transport work

molecules and water move via conc gradient

mechanical work

used for actual movement like muscle contraction

metabolism

all chem reactions in body, breaks things down into usable for body

regulate metabolism via

enzymes, make modulators, reversible reactions from enzymes, isolate enzymes that do specific task, maintain optimal atp to adp ratio

catabolism

breakdown

anabolism

synthesis

endocytosis

use vesicle made from membrane, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated

pinocytosis

liquid

phagocytosis

food, cell eating

receptor mediated endocytosis

vesicle has receptors specific for ligand

primary transport

use atp

secondary transport

conc gradient made via first molecule with energy to transport second

diffusion properties

passive process, high to low conc, net movement till equal, rapid ver short distances, directly related to temp, inversely related to molecule size, in open system or across partition

rate of diffusion

conc gradient, size, surface area, thickness of membrane, temp

conc gradient

large different in conc causes faster passive movement

size affect diffusion

larger molecule slows it

surface area affects diffusion

larger surface area moves faster

thickness of membrane affects diffusion

thicker membrane moves slower

temp affects diffusion

warmer makes move faster fun

transporter proteins

carrier, channels

carrier proteins

conformational change that allows ligand to enter cell

open channel proteins

make holes in membrane, aquaporins

gated channel proteins

depend on ligand, mechanical, voltage, chemical

structural proteins

cell junctions, cytoskeleton

cell junction proteins

gap and tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

carriers

uniport, co-transporters

poto/transcytosis

transfer substrate from one side of cell to another via vesicle, in capillaries

action potential

receptors activate, making rmp negative outside

resting membrane potential

all cells have, made in epithelial, ct, nervous tissues to make ap, 3 na out 2 k in, leaky channels move k out of cell,

depolarization

receptor activated, reaches threshold and makes ap, opens na channels makes cell positive, na closes and k channels open

repolarization

k moves out of cell, cell becomes negative, goes to rmp

hyper polarization

k channels close and take under rmp