semi ifnal apcsp

The Internet

A network that uses open protocols to enable standardized communication between connected devices.

computer network

An interconnected system of computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a shared purpose.

Computing Device

A physical object capable of running programs, such as computers, tablets, or smartphones.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files that operate using the Internet.

Router

A device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A company that provides Internet access to homes, businesses, and other institutions.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed period of time, often measured in bits per second.

Cloud Storage

The practice of storing data on servers accessible via the Internet rather than on a local device.

Path

A sequence of directly connected computing devices that connect a sender to a receiver.

Routing

The process of determining and maintaining a path for data to travel between a sender and a receiver.

Scalability

The ability of a system, such as the Internet, to continue functioning effectively as it expands.

Redundancy

The inclusion of backup components to maintain system functionality in case of failure.

Fault Tolerance

The capability of a system to continue operating even when some parts encounter issues.

Protocol

A set of rules that specify how data should be formatted, transmitted, and processed in a system.

IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a computer network.

Packet

A small, manageable unit of data transmitted across a network, often accompanied by metadata.

Packet Switching

A method of transmitting data in discrete chunks rather than a continuous stream.

TCP/IP

A pair of protocols that ensure reliable communication and routing of data across networks

Encryption

The process of encoding information to prevent unauthorized access.

Decryption

The process of decoding encoded information to make it readable again.

Symmetric Encryption

A type of encryption where the same key is used for both encoding and decoding information.

Public Key Encryption

An encryption system that uses two keys, one public and one private, to secure communication.

SSL/TLS

The standard technology used to encrypt and secure data transferred over the Internet.

Certificate Authority

An entity responsible for verifying and issuing digital certificates for encryption.

Malware

Malicious software designed to harm, disrupt, or gain unauthorized control over a computer system.

DDoS Attack

An attack in which a server is overwhelmed by excessive traffic from multiple sources, disrupting service.

Rogue Access Point

An unauthorized wireless access point that allows unauthorized access to a secure network.

Digital Divide

A gap in access to technology and the Internet due to socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic factors.

Citizen Science

Research conducted by individuals outside traditional scientific institutions who contribute data to studies.

Crowdsourcing

A method of solving problems by enlisting the help of many people over the Internet.

Computing Innovation

An innovation involving a physical or conceptual design that incorporates computer programming as a key element.

Bit

The smallest unit of digital data, representing either a 0 or a 1.

Byte

A sequence of eight bits, often used to store one character of text.

Binary Sequence

A series of 0s and 1s representing data in a digital format.

Analog Data

A type of data that changes continuously and smoothly over time, unlike its digital counterpart.

Sampling

The process of taking measurements of an analog signal at consistent intervals to convert it to digital form.

Lossless Compression

A method of data compression that allows exact reconstruction of the original information.

Lossy Compression

A method of data compression that reduces file size by discarding some information, making it irreversible