DMSG 110 ABD 1 Final Review

anterior is to ____ while dorsal is to _______

ventral; posterior

closer to the point of attachment is referred to as

proximal

farther from the point of attachment is known as

distal

cranial direction is also known as …

cephalic

superior

caudal is also known as

inferior

the term describing away from the midline is known as

lateral

the term describing towards the midline is known as

medial

what does ipsilateral mean

same side of body

what does contralateral mean

opposite side of body

towards the surface is known as

superficial

what does deep mean

away from the surface

when a patient is prone, how are they laying

face to the ground

when a patient is supine, how are they laying

back down face up

where are more superficial structures located on the screen

near/at the top

what key points should be included in your sonographer’s report

echogenicity

echotexture

distribution of pathology

artifacts if noted

measurements

abnormal amounts of fluid collections

what does a true positive result mean

findings were positive and the patient does have pathology

what does a true-negative result mean

findings were negative and the patient does not have pathology

what does a false-positive result mean

findings were positive but the patient does not have pathology

what does a false-negative result mean

findings were negative but the patient does have pathology

what is sensitivity

describes how well the sonographic exam documents whatever pathology is present

what does specificity mean

describes how well the sonographic exam documents normal findings or excludes patients w/ path

what does accuracy mean

ability to find disease or pathology if preset and to not find disease or pathology if not present

what is the function of the circulatory system

transports gases and nutrients to tissue and carries away waste products

what do arteries do

take blood from the heart to tissues

what do veins do

transport blood from tissues back to the heart

what is the smallest branch of arteries

arteriole

what is the smallest branch of veins

venules

what type of vessels have 3 layers

arteries and veins

what are the three layers of vessels transporting blood

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica adventitia

describe arterial walls

elastic

maintain constant shape

thicker due to elastic and smooth muscle

describe vein walls

unable to contract

collapsible

depends on the pressure gradient

valves to prevent backflow

arteries and veins are enclosed in a sheath that includes ________

a nerve

what are the main branches of the abdominal aorta

celiac trunk

superior mesenteric artery

l+r renal arteries

inferior mesenteric artery

whats the first branch off the aorta

celiac trunk artery

whats the second branch off the aorta

superior mesenteric artery

what are the largest tributaries of the IVC

the hepatic veins

where does the IVC take blood

back to right atrium

where do hepatic veins lie

between segments of the liver

what lobe of the liver does the right hepatic vein drain

the right lobe

what lobe of the liver does the middle hepatic vein drain

the caudate lobe

what lobe of the liver does the left hepatic vein drain

left lobe of liver

what vessel is anterior to the spine and left of the IVC

aorta

what vessel is anterior to the ivc

the portal vein

what structure is anterior to the portal vein and to the right of the hepatic artery

the cbd

what vessel is posterior to the body/tail of the pancreas and inferior to the splenic artery

the splenic vein

what vessel runs posterior to the IVC

tje right renal artery

what vessel is anterior to the aorta and posterior to the SMA

left renal vein

what vessel is anterior to the spine and to the right of the aorta

IVC

what are the indications for an aorta US

pulsatile abdominal mass

abdominal pain radiating to back

insufficient blood flow to legs

history of smoking

history of AAA

what are fatty deposits within the vessel wall called

atherosclerosis

atherosclerosis is a form of ________

arteriosclerosis

what are the three types of aneurysms

saccular

fusiform

dissecting

what is ectasia

diffuse dilation of a vessel

when does an aneurysm become high risk

over 5cm in diameter

what is the mortality rate for an abdominal aorta rupture

50%

what is the mortality rate for an untreated aortic rupture

almost 100%

what is a pseudoaneurysm

blood escaped from punctured intima but is contained by outer layers of aorta or adjacent tissue

95% of bile is what substance

water

what are the main solutes of bile

bile salts

bilirubin

phospholipids

cholesterol

amino acids

what does bile excrete

substances that bind with fat

substances too large for the kidney to excrete

what does bile do?

remove waste

break up dietary fat

eliminate cholesterol

what cells make bile

hepatocytes

explain the flow of bile

hepatocytes → intrahepatic ducts → left + right hepatic ducts → leave liver to become left + right extrahepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → join with cystic duct → becomes common bile duct

what structure runs parallel with portal vein?

hepatic duct

common bile duct (distally)

what is the upper limit for normal CBD?

6mm

what joins with the CBD at the head of the pancreas

main pancreatic duct

the main pancreatic duct is also known as

the duct of wirsung

what is the capacity of the gallbladder

50 ml

what does the gallbladder do

store and concentrate bile

what prevents kinking of the cystic duct

heister valves

the mucosa of the gallbladder is said to look like what

honeycomb

what is the term for outpouching in the neck of the gallbladder

hartmanns pouch

what is the left anterior vessel in the portal triad image

CBD

what is the large posterior vessel in the portal triad image

portal vein

what is the right anterior vessel in the portal triad image

hepatic artery

a fold in the neck or body of gallbladder is called a

junctional fold

a fold in the fundus of the gallbladder is called a

phrygian cap

what would increased WBCs would likely indicate for a gb

cholecystitis

elevated serum bilirubin would likely indicate

injury to bile ducts

stone in bile duct

gallbladder cancer

what would elevated alk phos likely indicate

biliary obstruction

what would decreased PT likely indicate

injury to bile duct

subacute/acute cholecystitis

what is choledocholithiasis

obstruction of ducts by stones

what is cholelithiasis

gallstones

what is cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder

what is a wes sign

wall echo shadow - gallbladder completely packed with stones

what is mirizzi syndrome

impacted stone in cystic duct

what os sludge

thickened bile associated with biliary stasis

what is calculous cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder wall and stones

what is acalculous cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder without stones

what is biliary atresia

bile ducts inside and outside of liver are scarred and blocked

what is caroli’s disease

congenital communicating ectasia of intrahepatic ducts

what is a choledochal cyst

focal or diffuse dilation of the extrahepatic ducts

what is a hydropic gallbladder

gallbladder distention without wall thickening

what is a porcelain gallbladder

complete or partial calcification of the gallbladder wall

what is adenoma

a benign tumor representing overgrowth of epithelium

what i adenomyomatosis

diverticulosis of he gallbladder causing ring down

what is adenocarcinoma

most common form of gallbladder cancer

what is cholangitis

inflammation of the bile duct walls

what is ascariasis

infection by roundworm lumbricoides

what is pneumobilia

air within the biliary tree