Digestive System

A chronic, solitary erosion of a portion of the lining of either the stomach or the duodenum.

Peptic Ulcer

Annually, over _______ people in the United States are diagnosed with an ulcer.

4 Million

peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach:

Gastric Ulcers

peptic ulcers in the superior part of the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine:

Duodenal Ulcers

Symptoms of an ulcer include:

Gnawing, burning pain in epigastric region, neusea, vomitting, extreme belching, bleeding resulting in tarlike Stools!

If left untreated, an ulcer may erode the entire organ wall and cause:

Perforation

Irritation of the gastric mucosa, and has been linked to many cases of peptic ulcer:

Gastritis

a common cause of gastritis, and these drugs also impair healing of the gastric lining:

NSAIDs!

the major player in peptic ulcer formation is a bacterium called ___________, which is present in over % of gastric ulcer cases and well over __% of duodenal ulcer cases.

Helicobacter Pylori, 70, 90

Categories of medications that help include an antibiotic taken for 2 weeks to eradicate H. pylori, and treatments that are similar for gastric reflux, including:

Antacids

Proton-pump inhibitors

Histamine (H2) blocker

Many infants up to 12 months of age spit up regularly after eating. This condition is known as:

Infant Gastrointestinal Reflux

Another name for Infant Gastrointestinal Reflux:

Infant Reflux

Infant Reflux results when the ___________ sphincter has not yet fully matured to keep the stomach contents from entering the esophagus.

Inferior Esophageal Sphicnter

techniques to reduce spitting up in infants:

Keeping infant in upright position during feeding

Burping the infant

Avoiding Overfeeding

In contrast to spitting up, _______ is the forceful ejection of stomach contents, typically associated with strong contractions of the stomach muscles and often causing distress to the infant.

Vomitting

Vomiting usually is a symptom of an _______ or _______, but also may be associated with certain abdominal congenital conditions.

Illness, Infection

An abdominal congenital condition where the shape of the pyloric sphincter prevents food from entering the small intestine:

Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Sometimes acidic chyme refluxes into the esophagus, causing the burning pain and irritation of:

Reflux Espohagitis

Because the pain is felt posterior to the _____ and can be so intense that it is mistaken for a heart attack, this condition is commonly known as _________.

Sternum, Heart burn

Reflux esophagitis is seen most frequently in _______ individuals, _______, those who have eaten a very large meal (especially just before bedtime), and people with _____________ (hī-ā′tăl her′nē-ă; rupture), in which a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.

Overweight, Smokers, Hiatal Hernias

Eating _____ foods, or ingesting too much _______, may exacerbate symptoms.

Spicy, Caffeine

Preventive treatment includes lifestyle changes such as losing _____, quitting _____, limiting meal size, and not lying down until __ hours after eating

Weight, Smoking, 2

Sleeping with the head of the bed elevated _____ inches, so that the body lies at an angle rather than flat, also helps alleviate symptoms.

4-6

Chronic reflux esophagitis can lead to:

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Frequent gastric reflux erodes the esophageal tissue in this condition, so over time scar tissue builds up in the _______, leading to narrowing of the esophageal _____.

Esophagus, Lumen

In more advanced cases, the esophageal epithelium may change from _____________ to a simple __________, a condition known as __________.

Stratified Squamous, Columnar Epithelium, Barrett Esophagus

GERD may be treated with a series of medications:

Proton-pump inhibitors

Histamine (H2) blockers

Antacids

Long-term use of _____________ have been linked with side effects such as _________ fractures, decrease in cardiovascular health, potential increase in bacterial infections of the digestive tract, and most recently, _______.

Proton-pump inhibitors, Osteoporotic, dimentia

In the Article: “Why is this baby gasping”, what did the baby have?

Gastroesophageal Reflux

What was the Gastroesophageal Reflux caused by?

Caffeinated rootbeer fromtthe mother.

Gastroesophageal Reflux is common in what percent of babies under what age?

50%, 6 months

What did the doctors think the baby had at first?

Pneumonia, asthma, sepsis, congestive heart failure, bronchiolitis, choking on something.

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

Where was the 10 year old boy feeling pain?

Both lower quadrants

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

What was the boy condition thought to be at first?

Viral Gastroenterities (Stomach bug)

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

What did the boy end up having?

Appendicitis!

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

How many people have appendicitis in their lifetime?

1/14 people

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

Point that is 1/3 from the umbilicus to the anterior-superior iliac spine:

McBurney’s Point

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

A hallmark of appendicitis, where pressure on the left causes pain on the right:

Rovsing’s Sign

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

The appendix may possibly helo with maintaining healthy:

Gut Flora

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

Vomiting after pain could indicate:

Appendicicitis

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

Vomiting before pain could indicate:

Gastroenteritis

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

What weakens the wall of the appendix, causing it t burst?

Gangrene

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

Where is Appendicitis pain usually found?

Periumbilical and Epigastric regions

“MISSING THE POINT” ARTICLE—

What was the treatment for the boy?

Removal, IV antibiotics, Oral meds

“THE INTESTINAL BEAT GOES ON” ARTICLE—

Intestines contract how many times per min?

12

“THE INTESTINAL BEAT GOES ON” ARTICLE—

Cells believed to drive intestinal contraction rythm:

Intestinal Cells of CAJAL

“THE INTESTINAL BEAT GOES ON” ARTICLE—

Intestinal Cells of Cajal undergo electrical________ at the same rate as intestinal contractions

Oscillations

“A GUNSHOT WOUND’S HIDDEN SURPRISES” ARETICLE—

The man in this story had 2 gunshot wounds where?

Upper Right Abdomen

“A GUNSHOT WOUND’S HIDDEN SURPRISES” ARETICLE—

What was the man’s condition? Where was it found?

Large HEMATOMA, Portal Hepatis

“A GUNSHOT WOUND’S HIDDEN SURPRISES” ARETICLE—

What did they think was in the man’s gallbladder? What ended up being there?

Stones, The second bullet

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

What are Liver cells called?

Hepatocytes

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

Scarring of the liver:

Cirhosis

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

A brown pigment that shows up in liver cells as a person ages:

Lipofuscin

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

Two common toxins that produce a fatty liver:

Alcohol and Acetaminophen

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

A heredity disorder that causes the liver to accumulate too much iron, and this is what the patient Mr. Wagler had:

Homozygous HEMOCHROMATOSIS

“BEYOND THE GLASS” ARTICLE—

What was the Treatment for Hemochromatosis?

Bloodletting and Phlebotomy

The small and large intestine are prone to an array of medical conditions, known collectively as “_____________.”

Intestinal Disorders

____________ (also known as gluten-sensitive ________) is an autoimmune disorder that affects up to 1% of the population in the United States.

Celiac Disease, Enteropathy

______ a protein common in _____, _____, and _____ (but not rice or corn)—stimulates an immune response in affected individuals that damages the ______ of the small intestine, which interferes with absorption.

Gluten, Wheat, Rye, Barley, Villi

Symptoms for Celiac Disease include abdominal pain and chronic _____, which leads to nutrient deficiencies because of malabsorption. Although there is no cure for celiac disease, it can be effectively managed by following a _________.

Diarrhrea, Gluten-free diet

The term ______________ (IBD) applies to two autoimmune disorders, Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. In both of these disorders, selective regions of the intestine become inflamed.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

__________a condition of young adults characterized by intermittent and relapsing episodes of intense abdominal cramping and diarrhea. Although any region of the GI tract may be involved, the distal _______ is the most frequently and severely affected site.

Chron Disease, Ileum