ENZYMES, PROTEINS, RECEPTORS, AND FACTORS

Cyclin-dependent kinase

What molecules are inhibited to treat cancer by targeting signaling pathways?

Telomerase

What enzyme's inhibitors are used to restrict replicative immortality?

PARP

What enzyme's inhibitors are used in cancer treatment (Root Causes & Co-Factors diagram)?

CTLA4

What inhibitory receptor on tumor-specific T cells is targeted by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to activate immune responses?

BH3 mimetics

What compounds are used in therapy related to resisting cell death (proapoptotic resisting death)?

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

What class of drugs is used in the chemoprevention of Prostate CA?

Tamoxifen

What hormonal agent blocks estrogen receptors in targeted therapy and chemoprevention for high-risk BrCA?

Raloxifene

What drug is listed as a chemoprevention measure for high-risk BrCA?

Aromatase inhibitors (Letrozole, Anastrozole)

What hormonal agents inhibit the formation of estrogen in targeted therapy and chemoprevention for high-risk BrCA?

LH-RH agonists (Leuprolide, Goserelin)

What hormonal agents are used in targeted therapy to achieve androgen suppression?

Androgen receptor blockers (Flutamide, Bicalutamide)

What hormonal agents are used in targeted therapy to achieve androgen suppression?

Tyrosine kinase

What enzyme's inhibition is targeted by Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Dasatinib in targeted cancer therapy?

All-trans retinoic acid

What targeted therapy acts as a retinoic acid receptor agonist?

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

What receptor is targeted by Gefitinib and Erlotinib (antagonists) in targeted therapy?

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

What growth factor is targeted by Sorafenib and Pazopanib (anti-VEGF agents) in targeted therapy?

G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)

What protein is administered to treat myelosuppression and febrile neutropenia associated with chemotherapy toxicity?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

What hormone acts as a tumor marker for Gestational trophoblastic disease and gonadal germ cell tumors, and is also present in pregnancy?

Calcitonin

What hormone acts as a tumor marker for Medullary cancer of the thyroid?

Catecholamines

What hormone acts as a tumor marker for Pheochromocytoma?

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)

What oncofetal antigen is a tumor marker for Hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal germ cell tumors?

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

What oncofetal antigen is a tumor marker for Adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, breast, and ovary?

Prostatic acid phosphatase

What enzyme is a tumor marker for Prostate cancer, Prostatitis, and prostatic hypertrophy?

Neuron-specific enolase

What enzyme is a tumor marker for Small-cell cancer of the lung and neuroblastoma?

Lactate dehydrogenase

What enzyme is a tumor marker for Lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma, Hepatitis, and hemolytic anemia?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

What tumor-associated protein is a marker for Prostate cancer, Prostatitis, and prostatic hypertrophy, and is used to monitor treatment response?

Monoclonal immunoglobulin

What tumor-associated protein is a marker for Myeloma, infection, and MGUS?

CA-125

What tumor-associated protein is a marker for Ovarian cancer and some lymphomas?

CA 19-9

What tumor-associated protein is a marker for Colon, pancreatic, and breast cancer?

CD30

What tumor-associated protein is a marker for Hodgkin's disease and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma?

Trastuzumab

What drug's toxicity is associated with Cardiomyopathy?

Cellular tumor suppressor genes

What cellular genes do proteins produced by DNA viruses disrupt, leading to altered host cell growth?

Cellular oncogenes

What genes are influenced by RNA viruses, which push proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes?

Proto-oncogenes

What normal cellular genetic elements make the cell cycle go forward (the "Gas pedal")?

Tumor suppressor genes

What genes inhibit the cell cycle and stop at the checkpoints (the "Brakes")?

p53 (protein product of TP53)

What tumor suppressor protein regulates cell growth and promotes cell cycle kinase; if mutated, it is the preeminent source of genomic instability?

pRB (Retinoblastoma protein)

What well-known tumor suppressor protein acts as the "Governor of Proliferation," negatively regulating the G1/S cell cycle transition?

Oncogenes

What mutated or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes function autonomously, having lost dependence on normal growth-promoting signals?

Oncoproteins

What are the proteins created when a DNA virus forms complexes with tumor suppressor genes, leading to continuous cell division?

src

What proto-oncogene associated with viruses is a tyrosine-specific kinase enzyme used for metabolic processes?

sis

What proto-oncogene associated with viruses is a growth factor/mitogen protein for mitosis?

myc

What proto-oncogene associated with viruses is a nuclear transcription factor (master transcriptional regulator of cell growth)?

erB

What proto-oncogene associated with viruses is a mutated growth factor?

Large T antigen (Polyomavirus SV40)

What viral oncoprotein forms complexes with p53 and pRB, needed for transformation?

Small t antigen (Polyomavirus SV40)

What viral oncoprotein forms complexes with p53 and pRB, and targets PP2A, needed for transformation?

E6 (Human papillomavirus)

What viral oncoprotein couples/binds with p53 and stimulates TERT, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis and inactivation of tumor suppressors?

E7 (Human papillomavirus)

What viral oncoprotein couples/binds with pRB, speeds up cell cycle progression, and inactivates CDK inhibitors like p21?

E1A (Adenovirus)

What viral oncoprotein binds with pRb?

E1B-55k (Adenovirus)

What viral oncoprotein targets p53?

LMP1 (Herpesvirus EBV)

What EBV latent membrane protein binds with TRAFs, mimics growth factors, and is important for B cell immortalization/transformation?

PP2A

What cellular protein is a target of the Polyomavirus SV40 small t antigen?

DLG, MAGI-1, MUPP1

What cellular proteins are targets of Human papillomavirus E6 and Adenovirus 9 E4ORF1?

PDGFβ receptor

What receptor is the cellular target of Bovine papillomavirus E5?

TRAFs

What cellular proteins are the targets of Herpesvirus EBV LMP1?

L1 (Human Papillomavirus)

What late transcription protein is the major capsid protein, is highly antigenic, and is used in vaccines for antibody production?

gp350 (EBV viral envelope glycoprotein)

What viral protein interacts with the CD21 receptor on the B cell for adsorption?

CD21 (CR2 receptor)

What receptor on the B cell binds to EBV gp350 for adsorption and is also where the C3d complement binds?

EBNA 2 (EBV Nuclear Antigen)

What EBV viral antigen is produced during replication inside the nucleus and is important for B cell immortalization?

EBER 3 (EBV-encoded small untranslated RNA)

What EBV viral antigen is produced during replication inside the nucleus and is important for B cell immortalization?

EBNA (EBV Nuclear Antigens)

What latent phase EBV antigens are DNA episomes that change the MHC protein so it won’t be presented to T cells?

EBER (EBV-encoded small untranslated RNA)

What small untranslated RNA antigen of EBV is present in both the latent and lytic phases?

Viral capsid antigen

What EBV antigen is a late antigen produced during the lytic phase and productive replication?

Viral envelope glycoprotein

What EBV antigen is a late antigen produced during the lytic phase and productive replication?

EBNA1 (Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1)

What EBV antigen can be isolated in 90% of Burkitt’s lymphoma patients in Africa?

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)

What HBV protein is found on the envelope, is used by the virus to attach to the host cell, and is an indicator of infectiousness?

Hepatitis B Capsid Antigen (HBcAg)

What HBV protein is assembled from the capsid during encapsidation?

Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen (HBeAg)

What HBV protein increases during the acute stage of infection and resolves/is replaced by Anti-HBe during resolution?

X protein (HBV)

What HBV protein is an oncoprotein involved with transformation, although its mechanism is not well known?

HBV reverse transcriptase

What enzyme starts with DNA synthesis during HBV replication once RNA is translated?

Anti-HBs

What antibody, seen at the start of HBV resolution, indicates the patient is in recovery, immune to the virus, or vaccinated?

Anti-HBe

What antibody replaces HBeAg earlier than Anti-HBs replaces HBsAg, indicating the patient is in the early resolution stage?

Anti-HBc

What antibody increases and is present all throughout the acute stage, indicating a previous or ongoing HBV infection?

IgM anti-HBc

What specific HBV antibody indicates a recent infection (early part)?

IgG anti-HBc

What specific HBV antibody indicates the patient is at resolution?

Interferon alpha

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 25%?

Entecavir

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 67%?

Tenofovir

What antiviral drug decreases HBV DNA particles in the blood by 90%?

HBIg (Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin)

What protein is given as passive vaccination or post-exposure treatment along with antivirals to stop HBV transmission?

E1 to E2 envelope dimers

What are the envelope proteins of HCV?

Core protein (C)

What is one of the structural proteins of HCV?

Envelope proteins (E)

What are the structural proteins of HCV?

Nonstructural (NS) proteins

What HCV proteins code for translational proteins?

Alanine Transaminase (ALT) / SGPT

What liver enzyme usually increases when there are blocks in the liver?

Anti-HCV

What antibodies are generated against the core, envelope, and nonstructural proteins of the HCV virus?

Ribavirin

What antiviral is used for HCV treatment?

Protease inhibitors

What class of antivirals is used for HCV treatment?

Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, RdDp)

What retroviral enzyme makes DNA copies from the RNA they have?

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

What enzyme copies +ssRNA and creates -ssRNA, which is then used as a template to synthesize more +ssRNA in non-retroviral RNA replication?

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DdDp)

What enzyme makes a complimentary copy of the -ssDNA to make dsDNA during retroviral replication?

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DdRp)

What enzyme processes dsDNA into viral mRNA and -ssDNA for the viral genome during retroviral replication?

Gag

What HTLV-1 gene codes for group specific antigens for the viral core?

Pro

What HTLV-1 gene codes for the protease enzyme?

Pol

What HTLV-1 gene codes for the polymerase enzyme, important for viral replication?

Env

What HTLV-1 gene is responsible for the viral envelope?

Tax (HTLV-1)

What HTLV-1 gene helps in oncogenesis by altering the translation of viral proteins, which alters the growth of the host cell?

Rex (HTLV-1)

What is one of the HTLV-1 genes listed alongside Tax?

GLUT-1 receptor

What receptor on the host cell does HTLV-1 bind to, allowing capsid entry?

Apoptosis-regulating gene

What gene class, when mutated, leads to less cell death and enhanced survival?

DNA repair genes

What gene class, when affected by loss-of-function mutations, impairs the ability of a cell to recognize and repair nonlethal genetic damage?

BRCA2

What gene mutation is often associated with the ER-positive (luminal) pathway of breast carcinoma (familial)?

HER2 (ERBB2)

What receptor/gene, when amplified, drives the HER2-positive route of breast carcinoma?