west civ

became king of Spain in 1556

Philip ll

the daughter of Henry VIII, ruled from 1558 to 1603, and is known for establishing the Protestant Church of England, defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588, and fostering the English Renaissance.

Elizabeth l

conflicts between philip and elizabeth lead to

Anglo-spanish war

after the anglo-spanish war it reached a turning point with the ——- in 1588

defeat of the Spanish armada

Europe continued to face religious and political conflict during the

thirty years war

a devistating struggle between Catholic and protestant state in the

holy Roman Empire

the war finally end with

peace of Westphalia

in 1603 —— became king of England

james l

james strongly believed in the idea of ———— claiming that monarchies received their authority directly from God

the divine rights of kings

james policies angered many ——

Puritans

—- led parliments forces against the king

Oliver Cromwell

after years of conflict and unrest, England experienced —— which peacefully replaced King James l and increased the power over the monarchy

the glorious revolution

these events helped inspire the ideas of ——- , a movement that encouraged reason, science, and individual rights

Enlightenment

during this time, some rulers practiced —— where monarchs held complete control over their governments

absolutism

thinkers such as ——— argued that people had natrual rights and that governments should protect them

John locke

a French philosopher —— prompted religious tolerance

Volitaire

economics like ——- also supported laissez-faire economics

Adam smith

the belief that governments should interfere as little as possible in business and trade.

laissez-faire economics