Urinary System and Related Disorders

Flashcards covering key concepts related to the urinary tract, colorectal cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, and urolithiasis.

Kidneys

Organs that filter blood and remove waste.

Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder

Organ that stores urine until the body is ready to release it.

Urethra

Tube that allows urine to leave the body.

Duodenum

Part of the small intestine that creates and receives enzymes to break down food.

Jejunum

Part of the small intestine that uses muscles to move and break down food.

Ileum

Final part of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients and stores food.

Cecum

First part of the large intestine that moves food inward from the small intestine.

Ascending colon

Part of the large intestine that absorbs water and electrolytes.

Transverse colon

Section of the large intestine that transports food to the descending colon.

Sigmoid colon

Region where solid stool is formed before entering the rectum.

Colorectal cancer

A type of cancer that affects the colon and rectum, often presenting with specific risk factors.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer

Includes genetics (Lynch syndrome, FAP), diet (high red meat, low fiber), lifestyle (smoking, sedentary), and personal/family history.

Clinical manifestations of colorectal cancer

Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, anemia, changes in bowel habits, and the presence of polyps.

Screening tests for colorectal cancer

Cologuard, FIT, and colonoscopy; colonoscopies are the gold standard.

Digital rectal exam

A test to assess the size and condition of the prostate.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that obstructs urine flow.

Tamsulosin

Common medication used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia.

TURP

Transurethral resection of the prostate, the gold standard surgical treatment for BPH.

Urolithiasis/nephrolithiasis

The formation of stones in the urinary tract.

Lithotripsy

A treatment method for large kidney stones that uses shock waves to break them.

Clinical manifestations of urolithiasis

Include colicky pain, hematuria, nausea, and urinary urgency.