Biotech

Biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their systems to develop products, improve processes, or enhance biological functions.

Recombinant DNA Technology

A method that combines DNA from different organisms into a single DNA molecule to create genetic modifications.

Transgenic Organisms

GM organisms that incorporate genetic material from different species to express new traits.

Gene Cloning

The process of making multiple identical copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence.

Restriction Enzymes

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, facilitating the creation of recombinant DNA.

Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules within bacteria that can replicate independently and are used as vectors for gene cloning.

Gel Electrophoresis

A laboratory technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size by applying an electric field.

Gene Therapy

A technique aimed at treating or preventing disease by altering the genes within an individual's cells.

DNA Profiling

The analysis of DNA samples to determine identity or familial relationships by examining specific DNA sequences.

Genetically Modified Crops

Plants that have been genetically engineered to possess specific traits such as increased resistance to pests or improved nutritional value.

Gene Cloning

A molecular biology technique that enables the production of multiple copies of a specific gene or DNA segment.

Plasmid Vectors

Small, circular DNA molecules independent of chromosomal DNA in bacteria, used to transfer genetic material.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment, involving denaturation, annealing, and extension processes.

Ligation

The process of joining DNA fragments using DNA ligase to form a recombinant DNA molecule.

Transformation

The introduction of recombinant plasmid DNA into competent bacterial cells, enabling uptake and expression.

Selection Markers

Genes included in plasmids that confer resistance to antibiotics, allowing for the identification of bacteria that have successfully taken up the plasmid.

Verification

Methods such as restriction enzyme analysis or PCR used to confirm the presence of the cloned gene in plasmid DNA.