Western Civ Final

Hannibal

Great Carthaginian general who led the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War

He helped with victories of Cannae, Trebia, and Trasimene

The Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.)

Won by Hannibal’s army, despite having less infantry

was against Romans led by Varro

Hannibal trapped the Romans once the weak center retreated

The Battle of Zama (202 B.C.)

Victory of Scipio’s army (romans) against Hannibal

Scipio’s stronger soldiers came in at the end of the battle, killing 20,000

There was lots of back and forth with who was leading

Tiberius Gracchus (elected 133 B.C.)

Grandson of Scipio

Roman tribune that advocated for lessening the inequalities between rich and poor, land redistribution as well, but was denied by the government

Was clubbed to death

Gaius Gracchus (elected 123 B.C.)

Tiberius younger brother

very passionate orator and tribune who pledged to enforce Tiberius’ agrarian law

prevented food riots in times of famine — pleased the poor, angered the rich

wanted to extend citizenship to Latins

Marcus Tullius Cicero

impactful Roman orator and statesman who tried to upkeep the values of the republic while it was falling

spoke on popular sovereignty, natural law, and mixed government

was killed by Caesar’s triumvirate for speaking against them

The Praetorian Guard

the household troops of Roman emperors — ex. Augustus stationed them around Rome

participated in appointing emperors (like Claudius) and the deaths of Maximus and more

Julius Caesar (100 BCE - 44 BCE)

Roman general, victor in the civil war, and dictator who essentially caused the fall of the Roman republic - was stabbed 23 times by Roman senators during a session

won battle of Alesia, conquered Gaul

Part of the first triumvirate

Marcus Agrippa

General and right-hand man for Augustus/Octavian (first roman emperor), assisting in many victories

helped with victory at Battle of Actium, suppressed rebellions, founded colonies

married Augustus’ daughter Julia and became a tribune some years later

March 15, 44 BCE

The Ides of March - the day that Julius Caesar was stabbed to death during a court session

a day associated with doom and misfortune

Augustus Caesar

First Roman emperor after the republic, Founded the Roman empire, great-nephew of Julius Caesar

Principate regime that brought peace, prosperity, and efficient leading to the Greco-Roman world

waged war on Marc Antony

The R8pe of Lucretia

Heroine of Rome - tragedy was that Lucretia was r8ped by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, son of Sextus Tarquinius (Etruscan king of Rome)

made an oath of vengeance against the Tarquins, she st4bbed herself to death

“In Hoc Signo Vinces”

“By this sign, thou shalt conquer” - said by Constantine after seeing a cross of light over the sun while marching with his army

He had a dream before Battle of the Milvian Bridge sent by the Christian God - he believed that if crosses were on the enemies shields his army would win, which they did

Nero’s “Human Torches”

The alleged perpetrators of the Great Fire of Rome, which lasted a total of 9 days, were used as human torches and illumination for the night

people were also nailed to crosses and torn apart by dogs

Mark Antony

Teutoburg Forest - 9 AD

Jesvs Nazarenvs Rex Ivdeorvm

The Roman Legion

Emperor Constantine

Saint Augustine

“Bread and Circuses”

The City of God

The Battle of Actium

Caesarion

Cleopatra VII

Pater Patriae

Brutus

Saint Paul

Caligula

Nero

Cult of Mithras