SOCY230 Exam 2 Review

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm another person and which that person wants to avoid

The Death Instinct

The innate urge that we carry in us to destroy

Frustration

The blocking of goal-oriented activity

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Every frustration leads to some form of aggression and every aggressive act is due to some prior frustration

Aversive affect

Negative affect that the individual seeks to reduce or eliminate (ex. anger or pain)

Interpersonal attraction

A positive attitude held by one person toward another person

Mere Exposure Effect

Repeated exposures to the same stimulus which produce a positive attitude toward it

Norm of Homogamy

A social norm requiring that friends, lovers, and spouses be characterized by similarity in age, race, religion, and socioeconomic status

Habitiuation

Our physiological and emotional responses diminish as we are frequently exposed to something

Love

Deep affection that sustains over time

Limerence

Involuntary infatuation or obsession with another person

The End of History Illusion

People at all ages tend to believe that they have undergone considerable change and growth to become who they are, and also they will not substantially change or grow in the future

Meta Emotions

Our feelings about our feelings

The Widower Effect

People become much more likely to die in the period immediately after their spouses die

Plato on Justice

Justice is in essence everyone performing their roles

Aristotle on Justice

There is justice when people receive rewards in proportion to what they deserve

John Stuart Mill on Justice

Justice is that which leads to the greatest good for the greatest number

Locke on Justice

Justice is a social arrangement in which people share perceptions about how rewards should be distributed

Distributive Justice

Concerns whether the benefits and burdens people receive are fair

Jasso’s Justice Equation

Perceived Justice = ln(actual share/just share)

Procedural Justice

Concerns whether the methods used to determine distributions are fair

Status Value Theory on Justice

People expect consistency between the status value of a person’s characteristics and the rewards received by the person

Social Dilemmas

A group structure in which if all individuals choose the option that maximizes their own best interest the outcome will be one that is less preferred by everybody

Tragedy of the Commons

The most famous example of collective disaster resulting from individual self-interest

Free Rider Problem

Individuals benefit from the efforts of the group without contributing themselves (an example of a social dilemma)

Social Traps

People reinforced to take actions that are immediately rewarding but indirectly punishing

Social Loafing

A decrease in effort by individuals when they are performing a group task

Prisoner’s Dilemma

The individual dominant strategy is always to defect (or confess), regardless of what their partner does

Attitude

A predisposition to respond to a particular object in a generally favorable or unfavorable way

Cognitive Dissonance

The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes to what you actually do

Social Influence

It occurs when one person’s behavior causes another person to change an opinion or to perform an action that they would not otherwise perform

Reciprocation Principle/The Rule of Reciprocity

We should try to repay what another person provides us

Reciprocal Concessions

When another person makes a concession, we feel obligated to also make concessions (ex. donations)

Commitment Principle

When we have made a commitment or taken a stand, we feel pressure to behave consistently with that commitment

Social Proof Principle

We view a behavior as correct in a given situation to the degree that we see others performing it

Liking Principle

As a rule, we are influenced by people we know and like

The Authority Principle

The capacity of one member to issue orders to others; to direct or regulate the behavior of other members by invoking rights that are vested in their role

The Scarcity Principle

Opportunities seem more valuable to us when they are less available