Social Science Grade 8 Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key terms from the 8th-grade Indonesian Social Science curriculum, including geography, geology, demographics, social institutions, history, and international economics.

Geographical Location (Letak Geografis)

The position of a region based on reality on the Earth's surface, such as Indonesia's location between the Asian and Australian continents and the Indian and Pacific oceans.

Astronomical Location (Letak Astronomis)

The position of a place based on latitude (parallel) and longitude (meridian) grid lines; for Indonesia, this is $6^\circ LU - 11^\circ LS$ and $95^\circ BT - 144^\circ BT$.

Geological Location (Letak Geologis)

The position of a region based on the geological structure or the arrangement of rocks, such as Indonesia being at the meeting point of the Eurasia, Indo-Australia, and Pacific plates.

Weather (Cuaca)

The average condition of the air at a specific time in a relatively narrow area and for a short period.

Climate (Iklim)

The average weather conditions over a long period within a wide area, such as Indonesia's tropical climate with wet and dry seasons.

Plurality (Pluralitas)

The state of multiplicity or diversity within a society, derived from the English word 'plural' meaning more than one.

Multiculturalism

A society that possesses more than two distinct cultures which serve as values for maintaining stability and social integration.

Renewable Resources

Natural resources that can be replenished or restored over time, such as water, soil, and forests.

Non-renewable Resources

Resources that cannot be replaced once they are consumed, such as petroleum and coal.

Prospeksi

The initial mining stage involving investigation and search to find deposits of minerals or valuable materials.

Eksplorasi

The mining activity conducted to determine the size, shape, position, grade, and amount of reserves from mineral deposits found.

Eksploitasi

The stage of mining that involves the actual extraction and transportation of valuable mineral deposits to storage or processing facilities.

Human Development Index (IPM/HDI)

A criteria developed by the UNDP to assess the quality of human resources based on health, education, and standard of living.

Social Institution (Lembaga Sosial)

A system of norms formed to fulfill specific goals and functions in society, serving as a guideline for social order.

Mores (Tata Kelakuan)

Social habits accepted as norms for regulating behavior, containing elements of supervision and sanctions for violations.

Customs (Adat Istiadat)

The highest level of social norms that carry strong sanctions according to the specific traditions of a community.

Silk Road (Jalur Sutra)

An ancient international trade route connecting China, Central Asia, and Europe, primarily for silk, spices, and perfumes.

Monopoly

Market control exercised by a single company or a few entities, characteristically practiced by the VOC in colonial Indonesia.

Social Mobility

The movement of individuals or groups from one social layer to another, which can be vertical (climbing/sinking) or horizontal.

Population Dynamics (Dinamika Penduduk)

Changes in population size over time caused by birth rates (natality), death rates (mortality), and migration.

Inflation

An economic condition characterized by a general trend of rising prices for goods and services.

Hyperinflation

An extremely high and rapid rate of inflation, which for Indonesia once reached a level where the rate was over $100\%$ per year.

Export

The activity of selling goods or products to foreign countries to earn foreign exchange (devisa).

Import

The activity of purchasing goods from other countries to meet domestic needs.

Tariff

A tax imposed on goods passing through a national border, intended to protect domestic industries.

Subsidy

Government assistance provided to domestic producers to allow them to sell goods at lower prices and compete with imports.

Letter of Credit (L/C)

A method of payment in international trade where a bank authorizes the drawing of drafts for a specified amount on behalf of a buyer.

Urbanization

The residential movement of people from rural areas (villages) to urban areas (cities).

Transmigration

A government-planned migration program in Indonesia to move residents from densely populated areas to sparsely populated regions.

Expansive Population Pyramid

A pyramid depicting high birth rates and low death rates, signifying rapid population growth, typical of developing countries like Indonesia.