A&P 1 - Chs 1 to 5

Cellular differentiation

At the beginning of development, all cells are basically the same. When these identical cells change and become specialized cells with different jobs (cellular differentiation)

One early cell can become:

• A brain cell

• A muscle cell

• A skin cell

• A liver cell

Ectoderm

The outer most layer. Cells of the ectoderm become the brain, spinal cord, nose, ears, nervous system.

Mesoderm

Middle layer. Cells of the mesoderm become reproductive organs, muscles, excretory system like your kidneys, etc.

Endoderm

Inner most layer, cells that end up here become your liver, digestive track,

respiratory system like your lungs

Humans are 3 distinct layers, when cells divide they create layers

Muscle Cell

have the ability to create force or motion, muscle cells are unique A-mitotic

cannot reproduce, they can grow larger or shrink, cannot turn into fats

All the cells in the body can be broken down or lumped into four distinct categories

Epithelial Cells

found all over the body, barriers all over the body’s surface, membranes,

secretory cells of glands, regulates transmissions, protective, reproduce quickly

All the cells in the body can be broken down or lumped into four distinct categories

Nerve Cells

have the ability to propagate a message from one point to another.

Communicating cells electrically, A-mitotic does not reproduce.

All the cells in the body can be broken down or lumped into four distinct categories

Connective Tissue Cells

function as anchors and support, reproduce quickly.

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fats, vascular

All the cells in the body can be broken down or lumped into four distinct categories

Homeostasis

Physiological Balance.
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment

of the body, A process not requiring energy from the body, passive transport.

Diffusion

Random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Most predominant process to maintain homeostasis

Higher temperature makes diffusion faster / Lower temperature makes diffusion slower
Larger molecules diffuse slower than slower molecules

3 Spaces in the body where fluid exists / and has to maintain homeostasis

Extracellular fluid- outside the cell

Two types:

-intercellular (interstitial) fluid that is between the cells, 80%

-the other 20% of the fluid is plasma, fluid part of the blood

Intracellular fluid- inside the cell

60% of your body weight is water found in the cells 2/3 H2O

Negative Feedback

The initial condition that causes a response that is reversed, most

common

3 Primary Mechanisms that Regulate Homeostasis in human body

Positive Feedback

the initial condition that causes a response is enhanced or increased; child

birth is an example of positive feedback

3 Primary Mechanisms that Regulate Homeostasis in human body

Feed forward

an anticipatory response, example anticipates something before it

happens, getting cold before you go outside.

3 Primary Mechanisms that Regulate Homeostasis in human body

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Tonicity

the way a cell reacts in a solution (fluid state)-a measure of the ability of a solution to

cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flow of water

Lysis

The dissolution or destruction of cells, explode, rupture of the cell

Hypertonic Solution

Cell shrinks (crenation) shrinks

Isotonic Solution

Equal, no net movement

Hypotonic Solution

Cell swells (hypertrophy) enlarges

Facilitated Diffusion/Mediated Transport

A process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein

carrier molecules; also called facilitated transport

the transported substance either (1) binds to protein carriers in the

membrane and is ferried across or (2) moves through water-filled protein channels

Movement from high concentration to low concentration with help from membrane proteins.

No energy required. Example:

Glucose entering cells through carrier proteins.

Remember:

Facilitated = Helped diffusion

3 Forms of Passive Transport

Specificity: Proteins transport only certain substances

Competition: Substances may compete for the same transporter

Saturation: All transport proteins become occupied

Active transport

Movement from: Low concentration → High concentration
Requires ATP (energy). Active=requires energy

energy donated by the cell

Endocytosis

Movement from outside to inside. Cell brings materials in.

Phagocytosis : "Cell eating"

Example: White blood cells engulf bacteria.

Pinocytosis : "Cell drinking"

Cell takes in fluid.

Exocytosis

movement from inside to outside.

Cell releases materials.

Example:

Nerve cells releasing neurotransmitters.

Epithelial Transport

Movement through epithelial barriers.

Examples:

• Nutrients moving through intestines

• Oxygen moving through lungs

Language of Anatomy

A-before a word means without

An- before a word means without

Cyn-Blue

Cyan-blue

Scope-to look

Gram-suffix, to record

Cardia-Pertaining to the heart

Cardio-Pertaining to the heart

Pharmic-Drug

Pharmaco-Drug

Osis-condition

Ology- suffix, for the study of

Ologist- specialist in the study of

Gastro-stomach

Itis- inflammation

Chondro- cartilage

Osteo- bone

Soma- body

Arthro- joint

Gen- beginning

Acro- extremity

Cyto- cell

Anatomical Position

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

Frontal (coronal) plane

longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into

anterior and posterior parts (front & back

Midsagittal (median) plane

specific plane that lies exactly in the midline, equal division of right

and left half’s

Transverse

a plane running from right to left, dividing the body or an organ

into superior and inferior parts