cum clauses

temporal cum clause

cum + indicative verb = when

cum + indicative + tum

both…and

not only…but also

circumstantial cum clause

cum=when/while

circumstantial cum clause formation

cum+ subjunctive

subjunctive si more vague → gives general time period of time being described

causal cum clauses

x happened since y took place

cum + subjunctive

concessive cum clauses

although

tamen in concessive cum clause

appears with most of this type of cum clause

located at front of main clause

not translated

dum+ indicative

while

dum + modo in a subjunctive clause

provided that

proviso clause

how are proviso clauses negated

ne rather than non

how can dum modo sometimes be written

dummodo