clin path lec 3

In this type of hypersensitivity disorder antibodies bind to several erythrocyte surface receptors and undergo opsonization before being phagocytized.

Type II

Which antibody molecules mediate allergies, especially environmental allergens?

IgE

What does the acronym DEA stand for in regard to blood grouping?

Dog erythrocyte antigen

Which of the following would be characterized as a Type IV hypersensitivity disorder?

Rheumatoid arthritis

What may happen if cross-matching was not done before the first transfusion in horses?

Death

Which type of hypersensitivity involves the IgE antibodies and is activated when a second exposure of the antigen triggers the release of mast cell mediators?

Type I

Which immunoglobulin functions in the fetal and neonatal immunity by passive transfer from placenta and colostrum?

IgG

Which immunoassay test does not require a color change to indicate the presence of antigens?

Latex agglutination

When testing a pedigree or parentage of a canine patient, what is the recommended sample to be submitted for the DNA test?

Buccal swab

Why is it that the first transfusion of DEA 1.1-positive blood may not lead to an immediate reaction in the animal?

Anti-DEA 1.1 antibodies are not known to exist.

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of use are classic signs of which of the following?

Inflammation

What process is begun when chemicals are released from an infected site and blood vessels dilate to allow neutrophils into tissue, where the neutrophils kill bacteria with chemicals in their cytoplasm?

Phagocytosis

Which is the most common immunoassay test used in veterinary medicine?

ELISA

When conducting a transdermal allergy test, which of the following is evaluated at each site?

Erythema

Which is the most common circulating immunoglobulin?

IgG

Macrophages that are derived from multiple tissue types make up what type of system?

Mononuclear phagocytic system

What percent of dogs are positive for DEA 1.1?

50%

Which canine blood group creates the greatest antigen response and can lead to the most severe adverse reactions?

DEA 1.1

Which of the following tests uses wells on an agar gel plate and antigens to create a visible band of precipitation for a serum sample?

Immunodiffusion

Which cell type changes to macrophages as it migrates to various tissues and organs and when it interacts with cytokines?

Monocytes

Which is the term to describe the swelling of the dermis?

Angioedema

Cats have naturally occurring antibodies to the erythrocyte antigens they lack. Which of the following statements is true?

Type A cats have weak anti-B antibodies.

Which of the following produces antibodies?

B lymphocytes

When considering a blood transfusion in a cow, what blood type would be the best choice to minimize transfusion reactions?

Group J Negative

Which immune system is divided into two components and is responsive to foreign bodies?

Adaptive immune system

If an antibody titer shows a high titer. What does this indicate?

Active infection

What is the range of scores given to the injection sites in a transdermal allergy test?

0 to +4

Which type of hypersensitivity disorder occurs when antibodies and antigens form complexes that deposit in the blood vessels of an animal?

Type III

Which of the following would be characterized as a Type I hypersensitivity disorder?

Atopy

Which test would be used to determine if an animal needs to be revaccinated?

Antibody titers

What term refers to the structures on the outer surface of animal erythrocytes that may react with the antibodies in the plasma of another animal?

Blood group antigens

Which test is used to distinguish between an active infection and prior exposure to an antigen?

Antibody titers

Which of the following has been documented in Type A and Type AB kittens of Type B queens with naturally occurring anti-A antibodies?

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

What time points are used to evaluate the injection sites in a transdermal allergy testing?

15 and 30 minutes

What may be the outcome if a mare has antibodies in her serum to a foal's erythrocytes?

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

Neonatal isoerythrolysis is an example of which type of hypersensitivity disorder?

Type II

Which of the following can be a protective mechanism of the immune system but can cause tissue damage?

Inflammation

An autoimmune response in which the body's antibodies attack its own tissues is referred as which of the following?

Hypersensitivity

How many blood type groups do cattle have?

11

Which type of immunity allows the animal to gain resistance to disease by antibodies received from colostrum?

Passive immunity

What is the term for the body's response to infection or tissue injury?

Inflammatory response

Which body organ produces mature T lymphocytes?

Thymus

How many major blood groups have been identified in horses?

8

Which immune system disease is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes?

Lymphoma

Transdermal testing is not validated for which type of allergens?

Food

What is another term for the natural occurring erythrocyte antibodies in cats?

Alloantibodies

A commonly run immunoassay test checks for the presence of heartworm antigens, Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, and Ehrlichia canis antibodies in veterinary hospitals. What type of immunoassay test is this?

ELISA

A minor cross-match involves mixing which two materials?

Donor serum and recipient cells

When testing for monoclonal antibodies, which of the following tests has high specificity?

ELISA

Which type of hypersensitivity involves cytokines that attract neutrophils and eosinophils to the affect area?

Type I

Which cell type is responsible for the adaptive immune system?

Lymphocytes

Which type of vaccine normally causes a longer-lasting and more potent immunity?

Attenuated

Which type of immunity allows the animal to gain resistance to disease by receiving preformed antibodies by an injection?

Passive immunity

Which type of immunity is activated by vaccines?

Active immunity

Which body organ produces mature B lymphocytes?

Bone marrow

Which of the following is used as a negative control in allergy testing?

Saline

How many different canine blood groups have been identified?

12

Which test detects the presence of inappropriate antibodies that affect the body's own tissues?

Coombs test

Which immunoglobulin can lead to immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylactic shock?

IgE

Which of the following would be characterized as a Type II hypersensitivity disorder?

IMHA

A Devon Rex cat is presented to the hospital and is in need of a blood transfusion. What is the most likely blood type of this cat?

B

Which term refers to a measure of the numbers of false positives produced with the given reaction procedure?

Specificity

The result of a tuberculin skin test should be read how long after the injection?

48 hours

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mucosal immunity?

IgA

If a blood Type B cat receives a blood transfusion with Type A blood, what would most likely result?

Severe reaction and death

What is the most likely outcome if a DEA 1.1-negative dog previously received a transfusion with DEA 1.1-positive blood and now receives a second transfusion with DEA 1.1-positive blood?

A severe reaction can occur in less than 1 hour after the second transfusion.

Hives and angioedema are reactions triggered when what type of cell releases histamine-containing granules that trigger the inflammatory response?

Basophils

Erythema is one of the parameters used to evaluate injection sites for intradermal skin testing. Which of the following other parameters should also be measured?

Diameter of the wheal

A patient is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. What type of hypersensitivity disorder is this?

Type IV

A patient with an allergy or hypersensitivity reaction may develop hives, which are also known as:

Urticaria.

Which immunity system is concerned primarily with the production of antibodies?

Humoral immune system

What is released from helper T cells and activates B cells?

Cytokines

Which of the following could be a reason for a false-negative intradermal skin test reaction?

Glucocorticoids

How far apart should the injection sites be placed in a transdermal skin test?

2 centimeters

This DNA test method decreases the risk of contamination and is easier to run than the traditional method.

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

Which term refers to a test's ability to correctly identify all animals that are truly positive for a specific reaction procedure?

Sensitivity

How many blood groups have been identified in goats?

5

Which of the following tests is positive if the antisera and immunoglobulins on the erythrocytes react, resulting in visible agglutination?

Coombs test

A dog is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis. What type of hypersensitivity disorder is glomerulonephritis?

Type III

What is usually the result of the antigen-antibody reaction when noncompatible blood is given to a recipient?

Agglutination of RBCs

Which type of leukocyte is active in both innate and adaptive immunity?

Neutrophils

A major cross-match involves mixing which two materials?

Donor cells and recipient serum

Another name for a Type III hypersensitivity disorder would be which of the following?

Immune complex disease

The veterinarian suspects rheumatoid arthritis in a canine patient. What type of immunoassay test could be run to confirm this diagnosis?

Latex agglutination

Which of the following would be characterized as a Type III hypersensitivity disorder?

Glomerulonephritis

What type of sample should be submitted to use DNA testing for bird sexing?

Blood

Which test identifies the RNA of viruses?

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

What occurs when using a Snap ELISA test to indicate a positive test for an antigen?

Color appears in more than the positive control dot.

A test yields a positive result on a sample that is confirmed positive. This is an example of which of the following?

Sensitivity

A technician is asked to collect a sample for an immunoassay test. What is the best type of Vacutainer to use for this collection?

Red-top

Which type of hypersensitivity disorder involves a reaction of T lymphocytes with self-antigens in tissues?

Type IV

What is the primary function of the B lymphocytes?

Production of immunoglobulins

The ability to differentiate between antigen receptors for foreign antigens and the animal's own antigen cell is referred to as:

Immunologic tolerance.

Which immune system involves physical and chemical barriers in order to prevent tissue injury or infection?

Innate

What happens if an animal is given a mismatched transfusion?

Antibodies form against the RBC antigens from the transfused sample.

What may happen if a lamb receives colostrum from a cow?

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

An animal is diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. What type of hypersensitivity disorder is IMHA?

Type II

Some antigen-stimulated B cells differentiate into which type of cell that responds faster to a second exposure of a specific antigen?

Memory B cells

What type of testing is used to diagnose allergies or allergens in the environment?

Intradermal

What is the term for the body's response to infection or tissue injury?

Inflammatory response