The Crusades and Economic Changes in the Middle Ages

Flashcards covering the agricultural revolution, the rise of the middle class and guilds, the Crusades, and the Reconquista in Spain.

What is the roughly defined time period of the Middle Ages, or Medieval Era?

c. Early 500s - c. Late 1500s

Which specific period is known as the 'Dark Ages' or the Early Middle Ages?

c. Early 500s - c. 1,000

Between 1,000 and 1,340, what two technologies allowed northern soil to be cultivated in Europe?

Iron ploughs and ox harnesses

Describe the 3 Field System utilized in Europe until the Industrial Revolution.

$\frac{1}{3}$ of fields grow grain, $\frac{1}{3}$ grow protein-rich crops (beans, peas, oats), and $\frac{1}{3}$ is left fallow (unused) to recover or graze animals

What was the purpose of the Hanseatic League (1267-1669)?

An organization of trading cities and guilds banded together to protect trade interests, revitalize trade in Northern Europe, and defend against piracy

What is a 'charter' in the context of medieval cities?

A written document granting special rights or privileges for a city and its citizens, often petitioned from a local lord or king

What name was given to the new money-rich class of merchants, traders, and artisans that emerged by 1,000?

The middle class (or "Nouveau Riche")

What was Yiddish?

A dialect of German written in Hebrew script used by most central-European Jews

What were the three stages of membership within a medieval guild?

Apprentice (trainee), Journeyman (paid employee), and Master

What event in 1,054 involved the Bishop of Rome forming his own church separate from the other four patriarchies?

The Great Schism

At which 1,095 meeting did Pope Urban II urge bishops and nobles to take action against the Seljuk Turks?

Council of Clermont

What is the meaning of the Crusader cry 'Deus Vult!'?

God wills it

What were the Crusader States in the Holy Land collectively known as?

Outremer (1099-1291)

Who was Salah ad-Din (Saladin)?

The founder and ruler of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1174-1193) who recaptured Jerusalem in 1,187 and became a symbol of mercy and chivalry

What occurred during the 4th Crusade (1,202 - 1,204)?

Crusaders sacked Zara and Constantinople instead of retaking Jerusalem

Which 732 battle saw Charles 'The Hammer' Martel halt the Umayyad push into Europe?

Battle of Tours

What was the Reconquista?

The campaign (720-1492) to reconquer Iberia from Muslim forces

Which two monarchs married in 1,469 to combine their territories into the Kingdom of Spain?

King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile

What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition (1,478 - 1,834)?

To force enemies of the church (Muslims, Jews, Heretics) to leave, convert, or face public torture and execution

In what year were the last Muslim rulers expelled from Iberia and Christopher Columbus's voyage funded?

1,492