BIOL 320 TAMU Exam 1 Dr. Taylor

Describe the basic functions of simple squamous tissue.

- Areas requiring passive diffusion

- Areas not requiring much protection

Found in kidneys, serosae, and linings

Describe the basic functions of simple cuboidal tissue.

Secretion and absorption

Ovaries

Describe the basic functions of simple collumnar tissue.

- Secretion of ENZYMES and lubes

- Propulsion of stuffs (cilliated)

Digestive system and resp. system

Describe the basic functions of pseudostratified collumnar tissue.

Areas requiring mucous production

Describe the basic functions of stratified squamous tissue.

PROTECTION especially in areas with a lot of abrasion

Oral cavity and anus

Describe the basic functions of transitional tissue.

STRETCHING

Differentiate between neural and endocrine signal strength conveyance

Endocrine: Concentration of hormone

Neural: Frequency of impulse

What are the three ways hormone release is controlled?

- Humoral

- Hormonal

- Neural

Describe up regulation

Upon binding to a hormone, a cell will produce more receptors for that hormone

Describe down regulation

Upon binding to a hormone, a cell will destroy existing receptors for that hormone

What type(s) of hormones are lipid soluble?

Steroid hormones

Steroid hormones are produced by what two major glands?

Gonads and the adrenal cortex

Steroid hormones are derived from _________.

Cholesterol

What type(s) of hormones are water soluble?

Protein and biogenic

Protein hormones are derived from ______.

Amino acids EXCEPT FOR THYROID HORMONE

Thyroid hormone behaved most like a _________ type hormone.

Steroid

________ soluble hormones tend to have longer half lives.

Lipid

What two organs are largely responsible for removing hormones from the system?

Kidneys: Filter hormones out

Liver: Breaks hormones down

Briefly describe synergistic hormones.

Hormone A + Hormone B = Larger effect than the simple summation of the two hormones (almost like they are multiplied by one another)

Briefly describe permissive hormones.

Hormone A requires the presence of Hormone B to be active/effective

Briefly describe antagonistic hormones.

Hormone A negates the effects of Hormone B and vice versa

_________ is the adenohypophysis.

Anterior pituitary

__________ is the neurohypophysis.

Posterior pituitary

Which section of the pituitary is more neural in function and which is more hormonal in function?

Adenohypophysis (anterior) = Hormonal

Neurohypophysis (posterior) = Neural

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone

Explain the GHRH pathway

1) Hypothalamus releases GHRH to ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit. releases GH to body

3) GH affect all body tissues

Explain the GnRH pathway

1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit. releases gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

3a) LH targets ovary

3b) FSH targets testes

3c) Both LH and FSH promote follicular maturation

Explain the PRH pathway

1) Hypothalamus releases PRH to ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit. releases PRL

3) PRL target mammary tissue

Explain the TRH pathway

1) Hypothalamus releases TRH to the ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit releases TSH to the thyroid

3) Thyroid releases T3 and T4

The paraventricular nucleus releases what hormone?

Oxytocin

The supraoptic nucleus releases what hormones?

ADH and AVP (vasopressin)

What effects do AVP and ADH have on the body?

Cause kidneys to release less H2O = increase BP

Which form of diabetes presents glucose in the urine?

Diabetes mellitus

What is the effect of somatostatin on the body?

Shuts down the release of GH

GH causes what changes in the body?

Shifts energy sources: "glucose sparing"

Too much GH AFTER the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________.

Acromegally

Too much GH BEFORE the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________.

Gigantism

Not enough GH during development leads to a group of disorders called _________.

Dwarfism

GH release pattern is described as being __________.

Dinural: Its release picks up around 8pm and peaks around 11pm

AcTH is also known as _______.

Corticotropin

What is the name of the structure that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland?

Isthmus

What are the types of cells on the thyroid gland?

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells

What hormones are released by follicular cells of the thyroid?

T3 and T4

What are the full names for T3 and T4 respectively?

Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

What hormones are released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

Calcitonin

How does calcitonin work in the body?

Increases osteoBlast activity and supresses osteoClast activity

Myxedemia is more commonly known as ________.

Hypothyroidism

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

- Goiter

- Weight gain

- depressed HR

- Puffy eyes

Graves disease is also called _________.

Hyperthyroidism

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

- Too hot

- Agitated

- Eyes buggin out

Hyperthyroidism is often cause by a ___________ disorder.

Autoimmune

What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands?

Parathyroid hormone

What does PTH do?

Acts agnostically to calcitonin (increases blood [Ca])

What is the main blood [Ca] regulation technique?

- Too much [Ca] = more calcitonin and less PTH release

- Not enough [Ca] = less calcitonin and more PTH release

What glands are more active when blood [Ca] is A) too low and B) too high?

A) Parathyroid

B) Thyroid

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex from least to most deep?

- Zona glomerulosa

- Zona fasciculata

- Zona reticularis

The zona glomerulosa produces which hormones?

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

Epinephrine

What is the function of aldosterone in the body?

Causes kidney tubules to reabsorb more Na leading to an increased BP

What is the cascade that occurs when blood [Na] is down and or blood [K] is up?

1) Kidneys release renin

2) Renin triggers release of angiotensin 1

3) Angiotensin 1 triggers release of angiotensin 2

4) Angiotensin 2 triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

5) Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to increase [Na] reuptake

ANP inhibits the release of what hormone?

Aldosterone

What are the two types of mineralcorticoids?

- Glucocorticoid

- Gonadocorticoids

What are the purposes of glucocorticoids?

Ensure the brain has sufficient glucose by promoting:

- Glucogenisis

- Fat mobilization

- Protein breakdown

Which age groups are most affected by gonadotropins?

Menopausal women and pre-pubescent

What are the underlying causes of Addison's disease?

Too low aldosterone and cortisol

What are the symptoms of Addison's disease?

- Chronic dehydration

- Hypertension

- Bronze skin

What causes the bronzing of the skin for people with Addison's disease?

Low cortisol = too much CRH = increased melanin production

If a disease is caused by medical interference with normal body functions, the disease is said to be __________.

Iantrogenic

Cushing's disease is caused by ________.

Too high levels of cortisol

What are the symptoms of Cushing's disease?

- High blood glucose levels

- Wasting

- Moon face

- Buffalo hump

- DEPRESSED IMMUNE FUNCTION

Why might a doctor induce Cushing's disease in a patient?

Depress their immune function for an organ transplant

Cortisol is related to ________ functions of the body.

Energy balancing and distribution

Hans Selye is known as ____________.

The father of stress

What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome?

1) Fight or flight (catecholamines)

2) Resistance reaction (cortisol)

3) Adrenal exhaustion

What is the cascade associated with chronic stress?

1) Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit. releases adenocorticotropic hormone

3) ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release mineralcorticoids

What are the two drug forms of artificial corticoids?

Prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Plasma regulation

How do pancreatic alpha cells work?

Release glucagon = amps up glycolysis and glucogenisis

How do pancreatic beta cells work?

Release insulin which triggers glucose to be moved out of the blood and into tissues for use

What hormone is released due to short term exercise?

Epinephrine

What hormone is released due to long term exercise?

Cortisol

What are the major symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

- Polyphagia

- Polyuria

- Polydypsia

Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 = inability to produce insulin

Type 2= inability to respond to insulin

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Enlarged adrenals due to low cortisol causes excess testosterone

Which organ converts glycogen to glucose?

Liver

Explain the CRH pathway

1) Hypothalamus releases CRH to ant. pit

2) Ant. pit. releases ACTH to adrenal cortex

3) Adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids

Explain the GnRH pathways

1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit.

2) Ant. pit. releases LH

3) LH Stimulates the gonads to produce either testosterone or estrogen

The __________ gland responds indirectly to light changes throughout the day.

Pineal

The pineal gland releases what hormones?

Melatonin

Melatonin acts on what specific structure?

Suprchiasmatic nucleus

Seasonal Affective Disorder is treated using _______.

Full spectrum light exposure

The thymus gland is associated with __________ function in the body.

Immune

Thymosin aids in the production of ____________.

White blood cells

Thymopoietin plays what function in the body?

Stimulate the maturation of T-lymphocytes

What hormones are produced by the thymus?

Thymopoietin and thymosin

Adipose tissue releases what hormones?

Leptin and resistin

What are the functions of leptin and resistin?

Leptin = Suppress appetite when fat stores are full

Resistin = antagonizes insulin release

What are the proper names for inactive and active vitamin D?

Inactive = Cholecalciferol

Active = Calcitriol

What is the function of EPO?

Stimulate erythrocyte maturation

What is the function of ANP?

Antagonist to aldosterone: lowers BP by causing kidneys to release more H2O