How successful was Henry VIII's foreign policy up to 1529 ?

Henry wanted to go to war , but finances were low , how did he establish reputation as a ‘godly prince’?

series of treaties and meetings

how did Henry initially set out a secure dynasty ?

• marriage to Catherine of Aragon

• marriage of sister Margaret to Louis XII

what was Henry less concerned about that his father was ?

trade

what years did Henry have campaign in France ?

1512-14

did the early campaigns bring success overall?

limited success

• satisfied need for war and glory

• Wolsey secured some gains

what specifically did Wolsey gain from early campaigns in France ?

• kept land Henry captured - therouanne and Tournai

• restored French pension

• arranged marriage between Margaret and louis XII

what was more impressive than early campaigns in France ?

battle of Flodden

henry wanted policy that would bring glory , what limited this ambition ?

England treasury was almost empty

wolsey had to retain kings favour - what made this harder in 1519?

changing situation in Europe -

• New French king Francis I

• New HRE Charles V

• all wanted to assert their dominance - had money to do so unlike Henry

how was england’s position further weakened in terms of Francis I proposal ?

• Francis I encouraged Duke of Suffolk to marry henry’s sister Mary

• caused Henry to lose face as his sister had married without royal permission - deprived him of using her in the marriage market

what happened in 1515 that caused position to weaken? what is Henry do in response ?

french victory and control of Milan

• Wolsey ordered to contract anti French alliance

why did the anti French alliance fail ?

• death of Ferdinand of Aragon and accession of Charles I resulted in peace treaty between Spain and France and HRE

• England sidelined

• forced to seek peace with France

what treaty was the result of failure in antifrench allaince?

treaty of London

what was the treaty of London ?

international peace treaty signed in October 1518

each country signed by 20 + countries with England as the pivotal power

why did the treaty of London last temporality ?

charles I of Spain and HRE - shifted balance of power in Europe

peace policy pushed after treat of London - who with ?

Francis and Charles I

what peace policy EST in 1520?

field of cloth of gold

where di Henry meet Francis ?

calais

what did the meeting ensure fro Henry ?

he was at centre of European stage and desire for prestige was enhanced

why was the field of cloth of gold consider a wonder fo the age ?

extreme opulence and magnificence

why could it be said it have failed?

no diplomatic value

cost a years income

didnt reinforce the treaty of London - England and france at war soon after

Henry and Charles met again and agreed to not to make separate peace with France

Charles and Francis at war soon after - England couldn’t hold tensions

when did Englands weakness come more apparent?

1521-22

what treaty was established in 1521? what did it mean

treaty of bruges

• Wolsey agreed with HRe to invade France unless France made peace with Charles

did treaty of bruges fail ? why

• yes

• Henry was forced to send an army in 1523

• HRE Charles abandoned Henry and focused on capturing Milan

• English troops returned in disarray

• Henry prestige lost as peace maker

• cost £400000 a years income

woley had to seek peace - but Charles captured Milan and what battle occured in 1525 ?

battle of Pavia

what happened at Pavia ?

Charles V captured Francis I

wht did Henry do in response to Pavia ?

saw it was time to assert claim to French throne

• Wolsey ordered to raise funds

why did Wolsey’s attempt at funding fail?

• previous heavy taxations

• failed to collect and abandoned plan

what did Charles do that showed England was losing strength after failed campaign into France ?

Charles refused to attack France

annulled marriage with Mary and himself - ddin’t need henry’s support

lacked resources to have role in major european powers

what happened after the failure to secure support from Charles fro invasion to France ?

change of policy

what did Henry sign in August 1525 ?

treaty of friendship with France - treaty of more

what was the treaty of more ?

• series of agreements signed with France

• Henry gave up claim to French throne in returned or French pension

• worked to stop Charles V dominating Europe - League of congac

what was the League of cognac ?

attempt at reversing French defeat at pavia

England joined legal as a protector

how was the anglo-french alliance reinforced ?

1527 - treaty of Westminster

treaty of Amiens follows - agreement to attack Charles

did english declaration of War with Spain final in 1528?

yes - no army raised

when did the war between France and Charles end ? what treaty ended it

1529 - treaty of Cambrai

what reversed all of england’s work for a place in European major relations?

treaty of Cambrai - only asked last minute - Englands influence limited

what happened simultaneously after England moved towards a pro french policy ?

the king’s great matter dominated policy

why was the king’s great matter a foreign issue ?

• catherine was Charles V aunt

• 1527 Charles captured the pope - would have potentially given annulment but pressure from Charles hindered this

how did foreign issues surrounding the annulment bleed into the domestic?

• protests from cloth industry due to suspension of trade with Burgundy

why might some say wolsey had most control over Foreign policy ?

• forced peace policies to forward his own cause and be appointed Pope

• Wolsey had to provide Henry details and ensure goals were achieved

why could you at Henry had most control over policy?

• Henry was interested in war,ships and foreign affairs especially surrounding his divorce

• Henry created foreign policy and wanted a war against France