Abdominal Wall

I am the most superficial flat muscle that originates from ribs 5-12 and inserts on the linea alba and iliac crest. My fibers run inferomedially and I function to compresses abdominal viscera and flexes/rotates the trunk.

External Oblique

I am the middle layer flat muscle that originates from the thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest; my fibers run superomedially. I function to  compress viscera and rotate the trunk.

Internal Oblique

The External Oblique aponeurosis forms the ______________.

inguinal ligament

The lower fibers of the Internal Oblique contribute to the _____________.

cremaster muscle

I am the deepest flat muscle that originates from the internal surfaces of costal cartilages 7-12 and the iliac crest; my fibers run horizontally.

Transversus Abdominis

 I am a vertical muscle that originates from the pubic symphysis and inserts on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7.

Rectus Abdominis

The primary function of the transversus abdominis is to compress abdominal contents, which causes an _______ in intra-abdominal pressure.

increase

The rectus abdominis is the _________ of the trunk.

primary flexor

What are the three major functions of the abdomen?

1. House and protect viscera.

2. Assist in breathing.

3. Change intra-abdominal pressure for childbirth, vomiting, and defecation.

List the layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep.

Skin → Camper's Fascia → Scarpa's Fascia → Muscles → Transversalis → Peritoneum

_____ is the membranous layer of superficial fascia continues into the perineum as Colles’ fascia and the Dartos layer of the scrotum.

Scarpa's Fascia

How is the Inguinal Ligament formed?

It is the thickened, folded-under inferior margin of the external oblique aponeurosis, extending from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle.

What is the landmark where the posterior wall of the rectus sheath disappears?

Arcuate Line

Superior to the Arcuate Line the ________ splits. Inferior to this line, all three aponeuroses pass anterior to the rectus abdominis.

Internal Oblique Aponeurosis

 A patient has a hernia where the viscera passes through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric artery. What type is it?

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

___________ push through the abdominal wall medial to the artery.

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Define the superior and inferior borders of the abdominal cavity.

• Superior Border: Diaphragm

• Inferior Border: Pelvic Inlet

What is the difference between the abdominal cavity and the peritoneal cavity

Space vs. Potential Space

___________ organs are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and are only covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface (e.g., Kidneys).

Retroperitoneal

What are the two ligaments that make up the Lesser Omentum?

• Hepatogastric

• Hepatoduodenal

_________ is the fatty apron that is anchored to the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon,

Greater Omentum (Greater Sac)

__________ is the fatty apron anchored to the lesser curvature of the stomach, the liver, and the first part of the duodenum.

Lesser Omentum (Lesser Sac)

List the three structures of the Portal Triad that travel within the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament.

1. Portal Vein

2. Hepatic Artery

3. Bile Duct

________ is a secondary lymphatic organ that clears microorganisms and removes old red blood cells, located on the left side ribs 9-11.

The Spleen

Which artery is a major branch of the celiac trunk that carries a high volume of blood (~168 mL/min), and is nicknamed the "Pig's Tail"?

Splenic Artery

___________ is an accessory GI organ/gland with exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin/glucagon) functions that is located posterior to the stomach.

Pancreas

 A patient presents with painless jaundice and a weight loss. An "aggressive" tumor is suspected in which accessory organ?

Head of the Pancreas

What is the landmark for the transition from foregut to midgut, the  junction between the superior (from celiac) and inferior (from SMA)?

Pancreaticoduodenal Anastomosis

________ is the largest gland in the body that produces bile, stores glycogen, and receives 75-80% of its blood from the portal vein.

The Liver

Which ligament separates the liver into left and right lobes?

Falciform Ligament

The _________, a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein, is found in the free margin of the falciform ligament; it is also called the "Round Ligament of the Liver."

Ligamentum Teres

List the four anatomical lobes of the liver.

1. Cuadate (superior near the IVC)

2. Right

3. Left

4. Quadrate (inferior near the gallbladder)

_______ is an accessory organ that releases bile into the cystic duct in response to fatty meals.

Gallbladder

Also called the Ampulla of Vater, the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join at the __________, which opens into the 2nd part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

This smooth muscle sphincter surrounds the hepatopancreatic ampulla and  regulates flow into the duodenum.

Sphincter of Oddi

 A patient with cirrhosis has "caput medusae." This is a manifestation of what vascular condition?

Portal Hypertension

List the three main unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta.

• Celiac (Foregut)

• Superior Mesenteric (Midgut)

• Inferior Mesenteric (Hindgut)

The __________ is an arterial anastomosis along the colon that connects the SMA and IMA, ensuring uninterrupted blood flow acting as vascular assurance.

Marginal Artery of Drummond

What is the Omental Bursa, space posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum?

Lesser Sac

How does the Lesser Sac communicate with the Greater Sac?

Foramen of Winslow/Omental Foramen/ Epiploic Foramen

I am a posterior wall muscle that originates from the iliac crest and inserts on rib 12 and L1-L4.

Quadratus Lumborum

Quadratus Lumborum functions to _______ rib 12 during inspiration and ______ flex the trunk.

stabilize; laterally

I am the primary flexor of the thigh/hip that originates from L1-L5 and inserts on the lesser trochanter.

Psoas Major

Which nerve of the posterior wall passes through the inguinal canal and provides sensation to the skin of the upper medial thigh and scrotum/labia majora.?

Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)

Name the three openings in the diaphragm and their vertebral levels.

• Caval (T8)

• Esophageal (T10)

• Aortic (T12)

I am the primary muscle of the pelvic floor that supports the pelvic viscera and resists increases in intra-abdominal pressure.

Levator Ani

The _______ is the dilated origin of the thoracic duct, receiving lymph from the lower limbs and abdomen. (L1-L2 level)

Cisterna Chyli

 A patient has pain at McBurney’s Point. What organ is likely inflamed?

Appendix

What is "Rebound Tenderness" an indicator of?

Parietal Peritoneal Irritation

What is the purpose of the Plicae Circulares?

Permanent circular folds in the small intestine that increase surface area and aid in nutrient absorption.

 List the three parts of the small intestine in order.

1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

I am S-shaped intraperitoneal structure located in the lower left quadrant of the colon that leads to the rectum.

Sigmoid Colon

What are the three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle on the colon?

Teniae Coli

True or False: The Greater Omentum is a four-layered peritoneal fold that "polices" the abdomen, migrating to sites of inflammation.

True

What is the arterial supply to the Ascending Colon?

Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)

What is the arterial supply to the Descending Colon?

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)

Which vein is formed by the union of the Splenic Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein?

Hepatic Portal Vein

What are the Gastric Rugae?

Longitudinal folds in the stomach mucosa that allow for expansion after eating.

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut?

Vagus Nerve (CN X)