Vitamins

Vitamin A

Maintains health of epithelial tissue/skin, important for gene transcription, re-synthesis of rhodopsin.

Vitamin D

Increases blood calcium level by increasing Ca2+ absorption, important for gene transcription.

Vitamin E

Halts lipid peroxidation.

Vitamin K

Carboxylates glutamate in clotting factors, allowing calcium to bind; important for bone health through the protein osteocalcin.

Vitamin C

Allows collagen strands to bind, part of carnitine, serotonin, and norepinephrine synthesis; needed for regeneration of vitamin E and niacin.

Thiamin (B1)

As TPP, is a part of dehydrogenase enzymes.

Riboflavin (B2)

Part of FADH2 and FMN, donates electrons at complex II in the electron transport chain.

Niacin (B3)

Donates electrons at complex I in the electron transport chain; needed for re-synthesis of glutathione.

Pantothenic acid (B5)

Part of Coenzyme A (CoA).

Vitamin B6

Reduces homocysteine levels and acts as a coenzyme for transamination reactions.

Biotin (B7)

Part of carboxylase enzymes.

Folate (B9)

Reduces homocysteine levels and is involved in nucleotide synthesis.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Reduces homocysteine levels and is a part of the myelin sheath of neurons.

Choline (B4)

Part of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine in membranes and lipoproteins.